The Effect of the Structured Supportive Approach Based on Kolcaba Comfort Theory Applied to Primiparous Pregnant Women on the Comfort Level in the Last Trimester
The Effect of the Structured Supportive Approach Based on Kolcaba Comfort Theory Applied to Primiparous Pregnant Women on the Comfort Level in the Last Trimester
Pregnancy is a special period in which some changes occur in bio-psycho-social areas and adaptation to these changes is achieved (Üzar and Erkan; 2019). While this special period creates happiness and peace in some women, it can cause emotional and relational changes in some women, create anxiety and anxiety, and negatively affect their comfort level (Al-Mutawtah et al., 2023; Yar and Yılmaz, 2021). In order to reduce the effects of complaints experienced during pregnancy and ensure adaptation, nurses who provide holistic, innovative, effective and supportive care, determine the comfort needs of the individual and the family, and improve their comfort levels by planning and applying interventions specific to the areas needed.
It increases. (Arslankılıç and Göl, 2020; Kolcaba1991). In this context, breathing exercises, which are defined as an invisible spirit that provides the connection between body, mind and soul, gives life to its owner, has an important place in order to increase the comfort level and ensure adaptation to the pregnancy process (Kartal, 2018). Because breathing exercises stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system, increase blood oxygenation and, as a result, trigger the secretion of endorphins. The increased release of endorphins reduces the heart rate, resulting in a feeling of calm. In addition, endorphin suppresses the sympathetic nervous system and reduces the release of cortisol, the stress hormone, thus keeping psychotic emotions under control (Issac, et al., 2023).Thus, the complaints that occur during pregnancy can be minimized with correct and effective breathing techniques and the comfort level can be increased. As a result of literature reviews; Regular breathing exercises increase lung volume, increase the endurance and efficiency of the diaphragm muscle, reduce dyspnea, provide easier breathing, and help eliminate bronchial secretions (Özulus, 2018; Tucker and Jenkins 1996). It has been found that it is effective in reducing hypertension, fatigue and anxiety, and that a 30-session intervention lasting 5 minutes per day for women who have given birth prematurely significantly reduces anxiety (Ölçer and Oskay; 2015; Chang et al., 2009). For this reason, the concept of comfort should be evaluated multidimensionally during pregnancy and holistic nursing interventions should be implemented to increase the comfort level.
In this study, it is envisaged that breathing exercise practices will increase the general comfort level of primiparous women, such as adaptation to pregnancy, increase in sleep quality, decrease in pain, decrease in anxiety levels, improvement in vital signs and conscious management of third trimester changes. At the same time, these research findings will constitute an important data source in research on the general comfort level effectiveness of breathing exercises to be performed on primiparous pregnant women from the 2nd trimester onwards in the 3rd trimester. Because, no randomized controlled study has been conducted in Turkey regarding the effect of breathing exercise on the general comfort level of last trimester pregnant women.
The population of the research consists of primiparous women who applied to the Private Metrolife Hospital Obstetrics and Gynecology outpatient clinic. The sample size of the study was determined using post hoc power analysis G-Power 3.1.9.4 program. In the power analysis conducted for the research, it was determined that a total of 72 primiparous women, including at least 36 people in both groups, were included in the study in order to reach a 95% confidence interval, an effect size of 0.6, an α-type error estimate of 0.05 and 80% power in the experimental and control groups with the pretest-posttest. It was determined that there was a need for inclusion. In view of the possibility that primiparous pregnant women who will participate in the study may withdraw from the study for various reasons, the total number of primiparous pregnant women was determined as 80, 40 for the control group and 40 for the experimental group. The research was completed with 40 primiparous pregnant women in the intervention group and 40 primiparous pregnant women in the control group, according to the CONSORT flow chart.
The breathing exercises to be applied were taught face to face to each pregnant woman by the researcher who has a "Breathing Therapy" certificate. The taught practice was then repeated by the pregnant woman and the researcher together. In the next step, pregnant women were asked to perform the application themselves. In this way, it was determined whether individual breathing exercise practices were performed correctly and effectively. After the one-on-one training was completed, the pregnant women were divided into groups of maximum six people and breathing exercise exercises were performed 7 days a week, once a day and once a week face-to-face for 8 weeks. Breathing exercises were administered face to face to a maximum of two groups per day, and each session lasted approximately 45 minutes. In addition, for 8 weeks, a short reminder message was sent to pregnant women every morning (between 10:00-11:00) to prevent them from disrupting their daily breathing exercise practices, and they were called in the evening (between 17:00-18:00) to check whether they had performed the application correctly or not. It was checked whether they were experiencing any problems.
Data collection tools; Introductory Information Form: This form was prepared by the researcher by scanning the relevant literature; Socio-demographic characteristics of primiparous pregnant women (age, age at marriage, duration of marriage, education level, profession, income level, social security status, place of residence, family structure), obstetric characteristics (gestational age, planned pregnancy, problems experienced during pregnancy, any relaxing practice) and pulse, respiratory rate and saturation values were checked.
General Comfort Scale (GAS) was used. The intervention group had data collection tools filled out before and after therapy.
Statistical significance level will be accepted as p<0.05.
Inclusion Criteria:
Volunteer to participate in the study, Those aged 19 and over, non-smoker Without a risky pregnancy diagnosis (without obstetric complications, psychiatric diagnosis, ear, nose or throat problems and systemic disease) Literate and without communication difficulties 2nd trimester primiparous pregnant women who are 21st week of pregnancy and later
Exclusion Criteria:
They want to withdraw from the research at any point during the research. Those who accept face-to-face application and then give up or do not continue the application, Not doing daily breathing exercises, Couldn't be reached by the researcher even though he called at most three times a day, Changing hospital, Women who fill out the research data collection forms incompletely will be excluded from the sample.
-