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The goal of this study was to test an online writing intervention to encourage a self-compassionate mindset in family caregivers of older adults. The main aims were to answer the questions:
Participants wrote with different combinations of self-compassion components together, such as mindfulness and common humanity or mindfulness and self-kindness. Participants also wrote with self-kindness, common humanity, or mindfulness separately.
After being informed and consenting to participate in the study, participants were allocated to a self-compassion or control condition. The study was designed to target state self-compassion and mood. The research was carried out over three studies, with refinements being made each time based on previous outcomes. In Studies 1 and 2, participants were tested for self-compassion and mood (guilt, sadness, and serenity). after the writing tasks. In Study 3, participants were asked to complete measures for these both before and after the writing tasks. The experiments were carried out online for all three studies.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Placebo Comparator | Descriptive writing. |
|
| Mindfulness | Active Comparator | Writing with mindfulness. |
|
| Mindfulness with Self-Kindness | Active Comparator | Writing with mindfulness and self-kindness. |
|
| Mindfulness with Common Humanity | Active Comparator | Writing with mindfulness and common humanity. |
|
| Control with Timed Response | Placebo Comparator | Descriptive writing. |
|
| Mindfulness with Timed Response | Active Comparator |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-Compassionate Writing for Caregivers of Older Adults | Behavioral | Self-compassionate writing focusing on one or more self-compassion components (mindfulness, self-kindness, common humanity). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Self-kindness measured with the State Self-Compassion Scale (Neff et al., 2021) | Scores closer to 5 expected on a scale of 1 to 5 | State measured immediately after intervention |
| Common humanity measured with the State Self-Compassion Scale (Neff et al., 2021) | Scores closer to 5 expected on a scale of 1 to 5 | State measured immediately after intervention |
| Mindfulness measured with the State Self-Compassion Scale (Neff et al., 2021) | Scores closer to 5 expected on a scale of 1 to 5 | State measured immediately after intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Guilt measured using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson and Clark, 1999) | Scores closer to 1 expected on a scale of 1 to 5 | State measured immediately after intervention |
| Sadness measured using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson and Clark, 1999) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Aileen K Ho, PhD | University of Reading | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Reading | Reading | Berkshire | RG6 6AL | United Kingdom |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Result | Neff, K. D., Tóth-Király, I., Knox, M. C., Kuchar, A., & Davidson, O. (2021). The development and validation of the state self-compassion scale (long-and short form). Mindfulness, 12, 121-140. | ||
| Result | Watson, David & Clark, Lee. (1999). The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule-expanded form. Psychology Publications. |
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Anonymised data to be made available on OSF.
Data will become available on publication of the research report. It will be made available for 5 years.
Access permitted under the conditions of the informed consent agreement.
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Participants were unaware of condition assignment until after the study.
Writing with mindfulness. |
|
| Self-Kindness with Timed Response | Active Comparator | Writing with self-kindness. |
|
| Common Humanity with Timed Response | Active Comparator | Writing with common humanity. |
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| Revised Control | Placebo Comparator | Descriptive writing. |
|
| Self-Compassion | Active Comparator | Writing with mindfulness, self-kindness, and common humanity. |
|
| Self-Compassion Without Mindfulness | Active Comparator | Writing with self-kindness and common humanity. |
|
Scores closer to 1 expected on a scale of 1 to 5 |
| State measured immediately after intervention |
| Serenity measured using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson and Clark, 1999) | Scores closer to 5 expected on a scale of 1 to 5 | State measured immediately after intervention |