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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of AAT intervention in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), in terms of improving functionality, ADHD-associated symptoms, attention and working memory. Participants were recruited from a community Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service and a Primary Health Care Center. These objectives were accomplished through a multicenter, randomized clinical trial, open-label, two-arm study of AAT for children with ADHD.
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of Animal Assisted Therapy (with therapy dogs) in in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The investigators conducted a multicenter, randomized, controlled, open-label, two-arm clinical trial. Thirty-six children aged 7-12 diagnosed with ADHD were randomized in two groups. Experimental group: 14 animal assisted therapy (AAT) psychoeducational sessions (once-a-week, 60 minutes) + treatment as usual and control group: treatment as usual. Participants were recruited from a community Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service and a Primary Health Care Center. The investigators evaluated changes on functionality, ADHD-associated symptoms, attention and working memory at pre-treatment and post-treatment. Assessment included intelligence test, ADHD symptoms referred by parents and teacher's (Conners Rating Scale), attention measures (Conners Continuous Performance Test (CPT-3) and children's functioning (Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS)).
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental Group | Experimental | The experimental group carried out a total of 14 one-hour group sessions, on a weekly basis for 14 consecutive weeks. The groups were formed by 8 participants. Sessions included the participation of one certified therapy dog, one technician specialized in AAT and a psychologist. Participants received their usual treatment (pharmacological and/or individual and family cognitive-behavioral treatment). Intervention: All sessions: Establishment of structured routines and schedules to help the child organize and manage daily responsibilities. Positive reinforcement to reward and motivate desirable behaviors. Sessions 1-7: Impulsivity management techniques. Social skills training. Self-control techniques to identify and manage moments of impulsivity. Sessions 8-14: Reinforcement of attention and concentration through strategies such as dividing tasks into smaller, more manageable parts. Cognitive-behavioral therapy to work on self-esteem, self-control and problem solving. |
|
| Control Group | No Intervention | Treatment as usual (pharmacological and/or individual and family cognitive-behavioral treatment). |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| psychoeducational | Other | A structured AAT program and usual treatment in Experimental group. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change from baseline Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) at 14 weeks. | It is a numerical scale to rate the overall functioning of young people under 18 years of age. Scores range from 1 to 100. A higher score indicates better functioning. | This scale was administered at baseline and at week 14 |
| Change from baseline Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scale (CGI-S) at 14 weeks | Is an instrument for measuring symptom severity of patients with mental disorders. Uses a single item on a Likert scale of seven values from 1= "Normal, not at all ill" to 7= "Among the most extremely ill patients". | This scale was administered at baseline and at week 14 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change from baseline Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) at 14 weeks. | This instrument measures intellectual ability of children from 6 to 16 years. It was developed to provide an overall measure of general cognitive ability, and measures of intellectual functioning in Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory and Processing Speed. The full version of the WISC-IV has 15 subtests, only ten are considered core, and used more often when testing intelligence. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change from baseline Conners Rating Scales Revised at 14 weeks. | In this study we used the short parents' version (27 items) and teachers' version (28 items). The scale is divided into 4 subscales: oppositional, inattention, hyperactivity -impulsivity and ADHD Index. Each item is scored from 0 to 3 (0= not true, 3= is always true). A typical score ≥70 indicates the presence of alterations in the subscale. |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| M. Dolores Rodrigo Claverol, PhD | Institut Català de la Salut | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Centre Atenció Primà ria Bordeta-Magraners | Lleida | 25001 | Spain | |||
| Salut Mental Infanto-Juvenil Sant Joan de Déu Terres de Lleida |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001289 | Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019958 | Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders |
| D065886 | Neurodevelopmental Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D056447 | Animal Assisted Therapy |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |
| D000359 | Aftercare |
| D003266 | Continuity of Patient Care |
| D005791 | Patient Care |
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Participants were recruited from a community Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service and a Primary Health Care Center. And randomized in two groups.
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| This scale was administered at baseline and at week 14 |
| Change from baseline Conners' Continuous Performance Test 3rd Edition (Conners CPT 3) at 14 weks | This test is a task-oriented computerized assessment of attention-related problems in individuals aged 8 years and older. By indexing the respondent's performance in areas of inattentiveness, impulsivity, sustained attention and vigilance. | This test was administered at baseline and at week 14 |
| This scale was administered at baseline and at week 14 |
| Lleida |
| 25001 |
| Spain |
| D013812 |
| Therapeutics |
| D026741 | Physical Therapy Modalities |
| D011613 | Psychotherapy |
| D004191 | Behavioral Disciplines and Activities |
| D006296 | Health Services |
| D005159 | Health Care Facilities Workforce and Services |