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Seronegative spondyloarthropathies are a family of joint disorders that classically include ankylosing spondylitis (AS), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) associated arthritis, reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome; ReA), and undifferentiated SpA. Enthesitis, or inflammation of the sites where the tendons or ligaments insert into the bone, is a key pathological finding in SpA . It is considered the hallmark and characteristic feature of spondyloarthritis (SpA). Entheses could be classified as fibrous entheses and fibrocartilaginous entheses. Regional structural damage, such as tendon injuries and bone erosions, are frequently caused by persistent enthesitis. The healing process that follows may result in the emergence of enthesophytes and, eventually, functional impairment of related anatomic structures. Imaging modalities for evaluating entheseal lesions include conventional radiology, bone scintigraphy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and power Doppler (PD) ultrasound (US). US has its own unique advantage in the diagnosis of enthesitis in AS; it uses a high-frequency or ultra-high-frequency probe that effectively visualizes the internal structure of the tendon and is recognized as the gold standard for tendon involvement.
It is superior to clinical examination in the detection of peripheral enthesitis.
Manifestations of tendon enthesitis in SpA on US include a thickened tendon, hypoechoicity, local calcification and bony erosion. Abnormal blood flow in tendon entheseal sites can be detected by Power Doppler US. Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome characterized by chronic musculoskeletal pain. The main symptoms of which are muscle stiffness, joint stiffness, insomnia, fatigue, mood disorders, cognitive dysfunction, anxiety, depression, general sensitivity and the inability to carry out normal daily activities [8, 9]. It can also be associated with specific diseases, such as infections, diabetes, rheumatic diseases and psychiatric or neurological disorders. Smythe and Moldofsky later developed the name "fibromyalgia" after identifying "pain points," which are areas of severe tenderness. These points are defined as areas of hyperalgesia/allodynia when a pressure of about 4 kg causes pain.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| cases of seronegative spondyloarthropathy with fibromyalgia | cases already diagnosed as seronegative spondyloarthropathy by application of ASAS classificatin criteria for axial SpA and have concomitant fibromyalgia according to 2016 ACR criteria. |
| |
| cases of seronegative spondyloarthropathy without fibromyalgia | cases already diagnosed as seronegative spondyloarthropathy by application of ASAS classificatin criteria for axial SpA and do not match with 2016 ACR criteria for fibromyalgia. |
| |
| controls | control individuals will be matched for sex, age, and level of schooling without history of inflammatory joint disorders or any systemic active disease. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ultrasound | Radiation | Ultrasound finding of entheseal sites of upper & lower limbs of all groups and scoring according to enthesitis scoring system |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Comparison of ultrasound detected enthesitis among both groups and controls | Comparison of ultrasound detected enthesitis among patients with spondyloarthropathy with secondary fibromyalgia and those with isolated spondyloarthropathy without fibromyalgia and among controls. Cases of Spondyloarthropathy will be already diagnosed using ASAS classification criteria. All patients will be subjected to the following:
| 12 months |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Inclusion Criteria:
| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aalaa A El-Sayed, Master | Contact | 01155442188 | alaa_ahmed_post@med.sohag.edu.eg | |
| Ahmed R Al-Agamy, MD | Contact |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ahmed R Al-Agamy, MD | Sohag University | Study Chair |
| Ola M Mohammed, MD | Sohag University | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sohag University hospitals | Recruiting | Sohag | Sohag Governorate | Egypt |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15956834 | Background | Healy PJ, Helliwell PS. Classification of the spondyloarthropathies. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2005 Jul;17(4):395-9. doi: 10.1097/01.bor.0000167753.01168.bd. | |
| 26473401 | Background | Kehl AS, Corr M, Weisman MH. Review: Enthesitis: New Insights Into Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Modalities, and Treatment. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016 Feb;68(2):312-22. doi: 10.1002/art.39458. No abstract available. |
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| Type | Date | Date Unknown |
|---|---|---|
| Release | May 25, 2025 | |
| Reset | Jun 9, 2025 |
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| Release Date | Unrelease Date | Unrelease Date Unknown | Reset Date | MCP Release Number |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| May 25, 2025 | Jun 9, 2025 |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D025242 | Spondylarthropathies |
| D005356 | Fibromyalgia |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D025241 | Spondylarthritis |
| D013166 | Spondylitis |
| D013122 | Spinal Diseases |
| D001847 | Bone Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019220 | High-Energy Shock Waves |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000069453 | Ultrasonic Waves |
| D013016 | Sound |
| D011840 | Radiation, Nonionizing |
| D011827 | Radiation |
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| 1930310 | Background | Dougados M, van der Linden S, Juhlin R, Huitfeldt B, Amor B, Calin A, Cats A, Dijkmans B, Olivieri I, Pasero G, et al. The European Spondylarthropathy Study Group preliminary criteria for the classification of spondylarthropathy. Arthritis Rheum. 1991 Oct;34(10):1218-27. doi: 10.1002/art.1780341003. |
| 27742021 | Background | D'Agostino MA, Terslev L. Imaging Evaluation of the Entheses: Ultrasonography, MRI, and Scoring of Evaluation. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2016 Nov;42(4):679-693. doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2016.07.012. Epub 2016 Sep 7. |
| D009140 |
| Musculoskeletal Diseases |
| D001168 | Arthritis |
| D007592 | Joint Diseases |
| D009135 | Muscular Diseases |
| D012216 | Rheumatic Diseases |
| D009468 | Neuromuscular Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D055585 |
| Physical Phenomena |