The goal of this observational study is to evaluate the efficacy and long-term clinical outcomes of early-stage lung cancer patients who have received surgery using the real-world data. The main questions it aims to answer are:

• What is the best surgical strategy for patients with early-stage lung cancer?
• What are the risk factors for early-stage lung cancer? Participants will receive surgery and the study will analyze the real-world data.

This observational study aims to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness and long-term clinical outcomes of surgical interventions in early-stage lung cancer patients, utilizing real-world data.

Central to this investigation are two key questions:

• What is the optimal surgical approach for managing early-stage lung cancer?
• What are the primary risk factors associated with the development of early-stage lung cancer? Participants will undergo surgical procedures, and through rigorous analysis of real-world data, this study endeavors to provide nuanced insights into these fundamental queries, fostering advancements in clinical decision-making and patient management strategies.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Aged between 18 and 85;
2. Did not receive neoadjuvant therapy before surgery;
3. No history of radiation therapy;
4. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score is 0-1;
5. Have complete clinically relevant information including imaging data;
6. All patients underwent relevant preoperative examinations;
7. Stage I lung cancer (International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/The Union for International Cancer Control staging eighth edition);

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Have previously received chemotherapy, radiotherapy and other anti-tumor therapy;
2. Data loss and error in medical records due to human/objective reasons.

Patients with lung cancer who have received surgery.