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This online study aims to explore the benefits of nature for mood and cognition in persons with and without Parkinson's disease. For the purpose of this survey, "natural environment" refers to places that primarily consist of natural elements, such as vegetation, water bodies, and landscapes. This includes greenspaces (such as parks, gardens, neighborhood streets lined with trees, forests, or nature reserves) bluespaces (such as next to beaches, lakes, rivers, ponds, or waterfronts), and desert regions, among others.
To participate in this online study, you will need an email address, and a smartphone or laptop/desktop with internet access. If you are eligible to participate, you will be sent a link to an online survey (Qualtrics). We will ask questions about demographic and health information, followed by questions about exercise habits, exposure to natural environments (including greenspaces and bluespaces, among others), and questionnaires assessing mood, motivation, cognition, sleep, stress, quality of life, and related functions. The survey should take roughly 20-25 minutes to complete. This is an observational study only, and not an interventional study.
Compensation: A $15 Amazon gift card will be offered to those who complete the survey all the way through with good effort.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Persons with Parkinson's disease (PwPD) | Individuals with a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease | ||
| Persons without Parkinson's disease | Healthy middle-aged and older adults |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Nature Connection Index | Assesses the extent to which people feel connected to nature. | Baseline |
| Perceived Restorativeness Scale | Assesses the extent to which particular environments have restorative qualities. Higher scores indicate greater perceived restorativeness. | Baseline |
| Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) | Assesses depressive symptoms in the general population. Maximum score:60. Higher scores indicate more severe depression. | Baseline |
| Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale-2 | Assesses sleep and nocturnal disturbances in Parkinson's disease. Maximum score: 60. Higher scores indicate more frequent sleep disturbances. | Baseline |
| Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire - 8 (PDQ-8) | Assesses Parkinson's disease-specific health-related quality of life. Maximum Score: 32. Higher scores indicate worse quality of life. | Baseline |
| Perceived Stress Scale | Assesses how different situations affect feelings and perception of stress. Maximum score: 40. Higher scores indicate higher perceived stress. | Baseline |
| NIH NeuroQoL measures | Assesses health-related quality of life in adults with neurological disorders. Higher scores on the sub-scales indicate worse outcomes. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
For persons with Parkinson's disease:
For persons without Parkinson's disease:
Exclusion Criteria (both groups):
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Persons with and without Parkinson's disease volunteering for an online study
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Alice Cronin-Golomb, PhD | Boston University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vision and Cognition Laboratory, Boston University | Boston | Massachusetts | 02215 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24320055 | Background | Alcock I, White MP, Wheeler BW, Fleming LE, Depledge MH. Longitudinal effects on mental health of moving to greener and less green urban areas. Environ Sci Technol. 2014 Jan 21;48(2):1247-55. doi: 10.1021/es403688w. Epub 2014 Jan 7. | |
| 25913182 | Background | Gascon M, Triguero-Mas M, Martinez D, Dadvand P, Forns J, Plasencia A, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Mental health benefits of long-term exposure to residential green and blue spaces: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015 Apr 22;12(4):4354-79. doi: 10.3390/ijerph120404354. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010300 | Parkinson Disease |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020734 | Parkinsonian Disorders |
| D001480 | Basal Ganglia Diseases |
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
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| Baseline |
| Parkinson's Anxiety Scale (PAS) | Assesses the severity of anxiety symptoms in persons with Parkinson's disease. Maximum score:48. Higher scores indicate more severe anxiety. | Baseline |
| 24387090 | Background | Hartig T, Mitchell R, de Vries S, Frumkin H. Nature and health. Annu Rev Public Health. 2014;35:207-28. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182443. Epub 2014 Jan 2. |
| 33806546 | Background | Rigolon A, Browning MHEM, McAnirlin O, Yoon HV. Green Space and Health Equity: A Systematic Review on the Potential of Green Space to Reduce Health Disparities. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Mar 4;18(5):2563. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18052563. |
| 34166885 | Background | Rodriguez-Loureiro L, Casas L, Bauwelinck M, Lefebvre W, Vanpoucke C, Vanroelen C, Gadeyne S. Social inequalities in the associations between urban green spaces, self-perceived health and mortality in Brussels: Results from a census-based cohort study. Health Place. 2021 Jul;70:102603. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102603. Epub 2021 Jun 21. |
| 23398433 | Background | Miller IN, Neargarder S, Risi MM, Cronin-Golomb A. Frontal and posterior subtypes of neuropsychological deficit in Parkinson's disease. Behav Neurosci. 2013 Apr;127(2):175-183. doi: 10.1037/a0031357. Epub 2013 Feb 11. |
| 34949175 | Background | Cerin E, Barnett A, Shaw JE, Martino E, Knibbs LD, Tham R, Wheeler AJ, Anstey KJ. From urban neighbourhood environments to cognitive health: a cross-sectional analysis of the role of physical activity and sedentary behaviours. BMC Public Health. 2021 Dec 23;21(1):2320. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-12375-3. |
| 35051065 | Background | Cerin E, Barnett A, Shaw JE, Martino E, Knibbs LD, Tham R, Wheeler AJ, Anstey KJ. Urban Neighbourhood Environments, Cardiometabolic Health and Cognitive Function: A National Cross-Sectional Study of Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Australia. Toxics. 2022 Jan 7;10(1):23. doi: 10.3390/toxics10010023. |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D009069 | Movement Disorders |
| D000080874 | Synucleinopathies |
| D019636 | Neurodegenerative Diseases |