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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a significant public health problem affecting more than 150 million people worldwide and causing a significant economic impact of approximately US$ 6 billion annually. It is one of the most common infectious diseases after upper respiratory tract infections. More than 50% of women and at least 12% of men will be affected by urinary tract infections in their lifetime. The probiotic supplement was delivered as easy-to-swallow capsules specifically prepared to maintain the viability and stability of the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG strain throughout the research period. Participants were told to take the probiotic supplement with water to maximise absorption and efficiency, ideally after meals.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Probiotic Group | Experimental | The probiotic group received a daily oral supplement with Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The probiotic supplement was delivered as easy-to-swallow capsules. |
|
| Control Group | Other |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus | Dietary Supplement | The probiotic supplement was delivered in the form of easy-to-swallow capsules. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Urinary Detailed Report Values | The test was performed to determine levels of neutrophils | second trimester of pregnancy (about 14 week's gestation) and lasted until birth, a period of roughly 26 to 28 weeks. |
| Urine Culture | Urine Culture: Urine samples were collected aseptically prior to and after intervention and cultured to detect bacterial pathogens linked with urinary tract infections. This assessment was carried out at two distinct time points: Pre-Intervention: Before beginning the probiotic intervention, baseline urine samples were taken to detect any existing bacterial illnesses and create a point of comparison. Post-Intervention: After the intervention period, individuals supplied an additional urine sample for culture investigation. This post-intervention evaluation sought to establish any changes in the prevalence of bacterial pathogens, particularly those known to cause urinary tract infection | second trimester of pregnancy (about 14 week's gestation) and lasted until birth, a period of roughly 26 to 28 weeks. |
| Leukocytes: | leukocytes in urine were evaluated | second trimester of pregnancy (about 14 week's gestation) and lasted until birth, a period of roughly 26 to 28 weeks. |
| Nitrites: | presence of nitrites in urine before and after intervention was investigated | second trimester of pregnancy (about 14 week's gestation) and lasted until birth, a period of roughly 26 to 28 weeks. |
| pH | Urinary pH values were measured | second trimester of pregnancy (about 14 week's gestation) and lasted until birth, a period of roughly 26 to 28 weeks. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
14 week's gestation with diagnosed UTI
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frontier Medical and Dental College | Abbottābād | KPK | Pakistan |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014552 | Urinary Tract Infections |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007239 | Infections |
| D014570 | Urologic Diseases |
| D052776 | Female Urogenital Diseases |
| D005261 | Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D035061 | Control Groups |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015340 | Epidemiologic Research Design |
| D004812 | Epidemiologic Methods |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D012107 | Research Design |
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Randomised Controlled Trial
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| Control Group | Other | Participants in the control group were given a placebo that looked, tasted, and felt just like the probiotic pill. |
|
| D000091642 | Urogenital Diseases |
| D052801 | Male Urogenital Diseases |
| D008722 | Methods |