Withdrawn by PI

Probiotics are dietary supplements containing potentially beneficial bacterial strains such as Lactobacillus. The safety of oral administration of probiotics has been demonstrated in hundreds of studies using adults over the last 30 years. Very few studies have been conducted with children. UTI in girls occur when virulent bacteria migrate from the rectum and colonize the vagina and peri-urethral mucosa, thus gaining access to the bladder.

This study will randomize girls to ARM A (probiotics + placebo) and ARM B (antibiotics + placebo) to determine if UTIs are decreased when the probiotics are given.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Girls age 1 through age 17 years of age
• Must have had at least 3 symptomatic UTI, uncomplicated or complicated, in the year preceding study inclusion or already using any form of prophylaxis to prevent recurrences of UTI
• Must have had at least 3 symptomatic urinary tract infections in the year before the start of the prophylaxis.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Breastfeeding
• Pregnancy
• Prior adverse reaction to sulfa drugs or sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim
• Known immunosuppression i.e., transplant recipients or children with congenital immunodeficiencies
• Poorly controlled diabetes
• Untreated HIV infection
• Use of high dose corticosteroids for autoimmune diseases or post-organ transplantation. Inhaled corticosteroids or oral steroids for asthma are allowed.
• Malnutrition
• Patients with a history of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim-resistant UTI will be excluded from the study
• Patients with renal insufficiency, liver insufficiency, or cardiopulmonary disease requiring medication will be excluded from the study
• Patients with known anemia will be excluded from the study
• Patients taking medications that may interact with sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim will be excluded from the study
• Patients taking other probiotics will be excluded from the study
• Patients already taking prophylactic antibiotics will be excluded from the study