Multimodal analgesia (MMA) is an essential part of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol. The principle of MMA is to manage pain with analgesics of multiple classes acting on distinct target sites through different strategies. MMA can reduce the adverse reaction caused by opioids and improve the quality of recovery from surgery. Inadequate postoperative pain management will increase the risk of complications, including pneumonia, deep vein thrombosis, infection, delayed surgical healing, and chronic postoperative pain.

This prospective, observational study is planned to investigate the efficacy of different MMA regimens conducting in our hospital. Patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) lung tumor resection will be invited to participate in the study and grouped based on the MMA regimens. Anxiety, quality of recovery, pain intensity will be evaluated pre- and post-operatively. Demographic data, surgery record, medicine record and postoperative complications will be gained from medical history system and analyzed.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. aged above 18.
2. diagnosed as lung cancer.
3. planning to undergo primary, video-assisted thoracoscopic lung tumor resection.
4. American Society of Anesthesiology Physical Class 1~3.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. unable to take assessments of the endpoints.
2. having this surgery in an emergency.
3. surgery involving other orangs, such as esophagus and stomach.
4. severe abnormality of cardiac, hepatic, or renal function.
5. allergic to opioids.
6. allergic to NSAIDs.
7. diagnosed as chronic pain or chronic use of analgesics.
8. unsuitable for participation judged by investigator.

Patient scheduled to have video-assisted thoracoscopic lung tumor resection in China Medical University Hospital.