This study aims to investigate the influence of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSA) on the severity and prognosis of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and to evaluate the therapeutic effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) intervention in such patients. Although the study is designed as an observational cohort study, where patients self-selected whether to receive treatment rather than being assigned, there is still an intervention project, CPAP, present in the observational cohort. Through a cohort study design, scientific evidences are expected for clinical decision-making and optimize treatment strategies for patients with OSA and CKD.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Diagnostic criteria: Chronic kidney disease is diagnosed based on clinical manifestations (such as hematuria, proteinuria, abnormal renal function, etc.), in accordance with the internationally recognized diagnostic criteria. Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is confirmed through overnight polysomnography (PSG) with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of ≥5 events per hour, primarily consisting of obstructive events.
• Age and gender: Participants must be ≥18 years old, with no gender restrictions.
• Informed consent: Participants are required to voluntarily sign a written informed consent form, acknowledging and agreeing to participate in the study, including all its contents and potential risks.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Other sleep-related breathing disorders: Participants with mixed sleep apnea, central sleep apnea, or severe snoring with an AHI index of <5 events per hour will be excluded to ensure that the study population is limited to patients with OSAHS.
• Severe internal medical conditions: Patients with severe cardiopulmonary dysfunction, malignancy, severe liver disease, mental disorders, or other severe internal medical conditions that may significantly affect sleep or the progression of kidney disease will be excluded.
• Recent surgery or medication: Individuals who have undergone surgery within the past 3 months that may affect sleep or kidney function, or who are currently using medications that may significantly interfere with sleep or the assessment of kidney disease (such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, novel antipsychotics, etc.) will be excluded.
• Pregnant women.
• Inability to cooperate with the study: Patients who are unable to complete the study procedures (including polysomnography, follow-up, etc.) due to cognitive impairment, language communication difficulties, remote residence, or other reasons will be excluded.

Patients diagnosed with both OSA and chronic kidney disease

Individual participant data will be provided upon request.