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Aim: The aim of the present study was to examine the effect on venous dilation, procedure duration and pain severity of local hot, cold and vibration applications performed on the intervention area before peripheral intravenous catheterization in adults.
Methods: The study included 120 adults who were randomly selected between March and August 2023. One application group (n=30) received local hot application, one group (n=30) received local cold application, and one (n=30) received local vibration using the Buzzy® device. The applications, to the site of the peripheral intravenous catheterization, lasted one minute. The control group (n=30) the received standard peripheral intravenous catheterization application. The groups' venous dilation was assessed on the vein assessment scale and the level of pain felt during catheterization was assessed using a visual analog scale.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cold Application Group | Experimental | Before peripheral intravenous catheterization, dry cold was applied to the application area using a cold gel pack. For this purpose, a 11 x10 cm pack of non-toxic gel was frozen solid in the refrigerator. Because this pack is reusable, it was disinfected before and after each use, and left in the service refrigerator to freeze solid. Attention was paid that it was used in solid form with all individuals. |
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| Heat Application Group | Experimental | Before peripheral intravenous catheterization, heat of approximately 40-42 o C was applied for 1 minute to the area of the procedure using a hot pack, which is one of the dry heat application methods. The heat application pack has a feature that it can maintain its temperature when taken out of hot water and does not disturb the person when it comes into direct contact with the skin. In order to apply heat to the individuals in this group, a pack of 11 x 19 cm is used. This pack is covered with cloth and contains a non-toxic gel, and is placed in hot water to prepare it for use. Because this pack is reusable, it was disinfected before and after each use. |
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| Vibration Application Group | Experimental | With individuals in this group, device was used to provide vibration. The device, at room temperature, was placed by the researcher on the peripheral intravenous catheterization application area before the application was performed. For one minute before the application, a slight, non-discomforting vibration was applied to the intervention area. |
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| The control group |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cold Application | Other | Before peripheral intravenous catheterization, heat of approximately 40-42 o C was applied for 1 minute to the area of the procedure using a hot pack, which is one of the dry heat application methods. The heat application pack has a feature that it can maintain its temperature when taken out of hot water and does not disturb the person when it comes into direct contact with the skin. In order to apply heat to the individuals in this group, a pack of 11 x 19 cm is used. This pack is covered with cloth and contains a non-toxic gel, and is placed in hot water to prepare it for use. Because this pack is reusable, it was disinfected before and after each use. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| pain intensity in mm | A 10-cm vertical VAS was used to evaluate the severity of pain felt by the individuals during the procedure. One end indicated lack of pain and the other the most severe pain possible. Pain severity was evaluated in millimeters. | 6 months |
| venous dilation in score | Vein Assessment Scale was used in the study to evaluate individuals' veins. There are five assessment steps: (1) veins are neither visible nor palpable, (2) veins are visible but not palpable, (3) veins are barely visible and palpable, (4) veins are visible and palpable, and (5) veins are clearly visible and easily palpable. | 6 months |
| procedure duration in sec | In the stages of the peripheral intravenous catheterization intervention of individuals in the application and control groups, a chronometer was started immediately after an automatic tourniquet was attached to the patient's arm. After catheterization was completed successfully and before the evaluation material was applied, the chronometer was stopped, and the procedure duration was recorded in the form of seconds on the data collection form. | 6 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| weight | weight in kilograms | 6 months |
| height | height in meters | 6 months |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bursa Uludag University Hospital | Bursa | Nilüfer | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 39385099 | Derived | Yilmaz E, Yilmaz D. The effect of three different nonpharmacological methods on cannulation success during peripheral intravenous catheter placement in the emergency unit: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2024 Oct 9;24(1):362. doi: 10.1186/s12871-024-02723-2. |
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| No Intervention |
No intervention was performed on the control group before the peripheral intravenous catheterization procedure, and the standard peripheral intravenous catheterization procedure was performed. |
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| Heat Application | Other | Before peripheral intravenous catheterization, heat of approximately 40-42 o C was applied for 1 minute to the area of the procedure using a hot pack, which is one of the dry heat application methods. The heat application pack has a feature that it can maintain its temperature when taken out of hot water and does not disturb the person when it comes into direct contact with the skin. In order to apply heat to the individuals in this group, a pack of 11 x 19 cm is used. This pack is covered with cloth and contains a non-toxic gel, and is placed in hot water to prepare it for use. Because this pack is reusable, it was disinfected before and after each use. |
|
| Vibration Application | Other | With individuals in this group, the Buzzy® device was used to provide vibration. The Buzzy® device, at room temperature, was placed by the researcher on the peripheral intravenous catheterization application area before the application was performed. For one minute before the application, a slight, non-discomforting vibration was applied to the intervention area. As the Buzzy® device can be used more than once, it was disinfected after each use and before being used with another individual. In this study, the body of the device was used, and only vibration was applied to the individuals in this group. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000377 | Agnosia |
| D004630 | Emergencies |
| D003967 | Diarrhea |
| D009325 | Nausea |
| D014839 | Vomiting |
| D010146 | Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010468 | Perceptual Disorders |
| D019954 | Neurobehavioral Manifestations |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D020969 | Disease Attributes |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D012817 | Signs and Symptoms, Digestive |
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