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Background: This study was conducted to examine the effect of local hot and cold applications on pain, anxiety level, length of application, and vein evaluation prior to inserting PVC.
Methods: This randomised controlled trial was conducted with patients who were hospitalised in the cardiology department of a university hospital. PVC was inserted, the researcher applied a hot or cold application to the catheter insertion site for one minute.
Background: This study was conducted to examine the effect of local hot and cold applications on pain, anxiety level, length of application, and vein evaluation prior to inserting PVC.
Methods: This randomised controlled trial was conducted with patients who were hospitalised in the cardiology department of a university hospital. The sample was comprised of 90 individuals, including 30 in the cold application group, 30 in the hot application group, and 30 in the control group receiving treatment in the Cardiology Clinic between November and December 2018.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hot Application | Experimental | Before PVC was inserted, the researcher applied a hot application to the catheter insertion site (inner surface of the forearm) using a hot pack for one minute. Then, the researcher made the second vein assessment and inserted a 20-G peripheral catheter into the inner surface of the forearm. |
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| Cold Application | Experimental | Before PVC was inserted, the researcher applied a cold application to the catheter insertion site (inner surface of the forearm) using a cold pack for one minute. Then, the researcher made the second vein assessment and inserted a 20-G peripheral catheter into the inner surface of the forearm. |
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| Standard Practice | No Intervention | The standard practice of the clinic was made. Accordingly, the researcher performed the vein assessment after the participants filled out the questionnaire, and then inserted the 20-G catheter into the inner surface of their forearm without any application. Afterwards, she assessed the pain and anxiety levels of the patients twice before and after the catheter insertion procedure. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hot application | Other | Before PVC was inserted, the researcher applied a hot application to the catheter insertion site (inner surface of the forearm) using a hot pack for one minute. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Numeric Rating Scale for pain and anxiety | The number "0" on the scale means that they do not feel any pain / anxiety and the number "10" refers to the worst pain and the highest level of anxiety. | Before catheter insertion |
| Vein Assessment Scale | There are 5 assessment steps: (1) veins are neither visible nor palpable, (2) veins are visible but not palpable, (3) veins are barely visible and palpable, (4) veins are visible and palpable, and (5) veins are clearly visible and easily palpable | Before hot/cold application |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Numeric Rating Scale for pain and anxiety | The number "0" on the scale means that they do not feel any pain / anxiety and the number "10" refers to the worst pain and the highest level of anxiety. | During catheter insertion |
| Vein Assessment Scale |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Sevda Korkut, Ph.D | TC Erciyes University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Erciyes University | Kayseri | 38039 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010146 | Pain |
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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| Cold application | Other | Before PVC was inserted, the researcher applied a cold application to the catheter insertion site (inner surface of the forearm) using a cold pack for one minute. |
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There are 5 assessment steps: (1) veins are neither visible nor palpable, (2) veins are visible but not palpable, (3) veins are barely visible and palpable, (4) veins are visible and palpable, and (5) veins are clearly visible and easily palpable
| Immediately before insertion of the catheter |