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This study aimed to determine the feasibility and acceptability of delivering Resilience Training in multi-user virtual reality.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resilience Training | Experimental | A 6 1-hour session group based intervention to deliver mindfulness, metallization, and self-compassion. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resilience Training | Behavioral | Behavioral group-based intervention delivering mindfulness, metallization, and self-compassion skills. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Discomfort with Others | Discomfort with others is measured on a brief scale rated on a Likert scale of 1-5, asking three questions, how frequently someone feels discomfort with others, how intensely they feel it, and a multiple choice selection of reasons they may feel discomfort with others. Higher ratings indicate more discomfort with others. | Before the intervention, 6 weeks later, and 6 months later |
| Intervention Feasibility and Acceptability | This measure includes participant attendance, with more attendance of the intervention indicating better feasibility and acceptability. | Before the intervention, 6 weeks later, and 6 months later |
| Penn Emotion Recognition Test | The Penn Emotion Recognition Test (ER-40) is a 15-minute computer task which involves identifying the emotion (sadness, anger, etc.) expressed by a variety of face images with 5 possible options, was used to measure emotion recognition ability. The total score ranges from 0-40, with individual sub-scores for happy, sad, angry, fearful, and neutral expressions. | Before the intervention, 6 weeks later, and 6 months later |
| Stop Distance Paradigm | The Stop Distance Paradigm is a reliable way to measure ones personal space. The larger the number, the larger the person stands from others. This scale is rated by centimeters from zero (no personal space) to as many as the person chooses. This task was done in person, through Zoom, and in virtual reality. | Before the intervention, 6 weeks later, and 6 months later |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Beck Depression Inventory | The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item self-report assessment obtaining ratings of one's level of depression on a Likert scale of 0-63, with higher scores indicating more depressive symptoms. | Before the intervention, 6 weeks later, and 6 months later |
| Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory |
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Inclusion criteria for college student participants:
Inclusion criteria for healthcare provider participants:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Massachusetts General Hospital | Charlestown | Massachusetts | 02129 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 39843493 | Derived | Holt DJ, DeTore NR, Aideyan B, Utter L, Vinke L, Johnson DS, Zimmerman J, Dokholyan KN, Burke A. Enhancing social functioning using multi-user, immersive virtual reality. Sci Rep. 2025 Jan 22;15(1):2790. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-84954-4. |
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Data will be shared with investigator permission.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019964 | Mood Disorders |
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| D011618 | Psychotic Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D019967 | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders |
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The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is a 20-item self-report scale obtaining ratings of one's anxiety, both those that are trait like and ongoing, and those that are state like and temporary. Scores range from 0-120, with higher scores indicate higher levels of anxiety symptoms. |
| Before the intervention, 6 weeks later, and 6 months later |
| Prodromal Questionnaire- Brief | The Prodromal Questionnaire- Brief (PQ-B) is a 21-item self-report survey assessing psychotic experiences such as common delusional experiences (e.g. paranoia, grandiosity, ideas of reference) and perceptual aberrations (e.g. experiences of being controlled, mind reaching, etc.). and distress related to them. Each item is scored on a 0 to 5 scale. The total score is rated across the 21 items ranging between 0 and 105 with higher scores indicating more severe psychotic experiences. | Before the intervention, 6 weeks later, and 6 months later |
| Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale | The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) is a 25-item self-report scale obtaining ratings of one's level of coping and emotional resilience. It is rated on a scale of 0-100, with higher scores indicate one has more coping skills and more emotional resilience. | Before the intervention, 6 weeks later, and 6 months later |