The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) was used to assess the extent of patients' destructive thoughts and feelings associated with the sensation of pain. It is a 13-item questionnaire to be completed by the patient. It consists of three subscales: helplessness, exaggerated perception and rumination. Each item is scored on a 5-point scale, with higher values indicating greater destructiveness. The sum of the corresponding items gives scores for the subscales; the total score is calculated by summing all items. AFC scores range from 0 to 52 points.

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) was used to determine the anxiety and depression status of the patients. It includes anxiety and depression subscales. The scale is a self-report scale and consists of a total of 14 items, 7 of which investigate symptoms of depression and 7 of which investigate symptoms of anxiety. Responses are evaluated on a four-point Likert scale and scored on a 0-3 scale. In preparing the scoring, 0-1 will be considered as not ill, 2 as borderline ill, and 3-4 as significantly ill.

The 6-minute walk test (6MWD) was used to measure the functional capacity of the patients. 6MWD is a submaximal, indirect cardiovascular physical fitness test. It was developed by Balke in 1963 to measure functional capacity. The test will be performed on a 30 m-long flat walking track with a marked start and end point. On this track, the participant should walk for 6 minutes, making rounds and turns. There should not be any obstacles or crowds on the track. The ground should be flat and hard. The participant determines the walking speed himself/herself. He/she performs the test at the most suitable speed for him/her. The patient can rest during that time. The stopwatch was not stopped during the rest period; the participant's rest will be noted, and the rest period will be recorded. If test termination criteria are met, the test will be terminated. Emergency intervention was applied if necessary.

The Arm curl test was used to assess the upper trunk functional strength of the patients. A straight-back chair without armrests, a stopwatch and a small hand barbell were used. The patient sits slightly on the edge of the chair towards the side of the arm to be tested and completes the test by making full lifts for 30 seconds with the arm in full extension below and full flexion above. The test starts with the patient's arm in extension and perpendicular to the floor. Before starting the test, the patient is shown and explained how the test will be performed and is made to try 2-3 times without giving the weights. After ensuring that the patient understands how to perform the test, the test is started, and the number of full weight lifts during 30 seconds constitutes the patient's score

The Laser Cursor Assisted Angle Repetition test was used to evaluate the cervical joint position sense of the patients. With this test, joint position sense, which is a part of proprioception and provides information about the speed and direction of active and passive movements of individuals without visual stimulation, will be measured. The protocol described by Revel et al. was used to apply the test. Patients were positioned 90 cm between the target table, which is 90x80 cm, and the person. The laser pointer was placed around the head with the help of a suitable tape in the center of the forehead of the individual. The patient's head was positioned so the laser pointer pointed vertically to the center of the target table.

Short Form - 12 was used to assess patients' HrQoL. The Short Form-36 was developed by Ware et al. to assess HrQoL. This scale, comprising thirty-six items, addresses the dimensions of physical functioning, role limitation due to physical problems, pain, social functioning, mental health, role limitation due to emotional state, energy and a general understanding of health. The subscales assess health between 0 and 100. Similar to the Short Form-36, the Short Form-12 consists of 8 subscales and 12 items, including physical functioning (2 items), physical role (2 items), body pain (1 item), general health (1 item), energy (1 item), social functioning (1 item), emotional role (2 items) and mental health (2 items). Each sub-dimension of each scale is calculated with the help of a formula, and the scores are between 0 and 100.