The aim of this study was to analyse the independent risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients undergoing adjuvant immunotherapy after liver resection surgery, and to develop a prognostic model based on these factors.

By retrospectively collecting patient data from a single centre of liver surgery at Tongji Hospital between February 2019 and February 2023, the study aimed to comprehensively evaluate patients' demographic characteristics, oncological parameters, surgical details and response to immunotherapy to identify the key factors affecting postoperative recurrence and survival.

Inclusion Criteria:

• HCC confirmed by pathologists
• Undergone a curative resection (R0)
• Aged 18-75 years
• No previous systematic treatment and locoregional therapy for HCC prior to randomization
• Absence of major macrovascular invasion
• No extrahepatic spread

Exclusion Criteria:

• Known fibrolamellar HCC, sarcomatoid HCC, mixed cholangiocarcinoma or recurrent HCC
• Any preoperative treatment for HCC including local and systemic therapy
• Unable to receive adjuvant therapy due to surgery-related complications, acute active infectious diseases, active or history of autoimmune disease, or immune deficiency
• incomplete clinical data

Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who underwent radical hepatectomy with adjuvant immunotherapy at the Liver Surgery Centre of Tongji Hospital between February 2019 and February 2023.