The purpose of this study is to establish a personalized model of prognosis stratification for patients with advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) receiving transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and molecular target therapies.

In patients with advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), previous studies showed that transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and molecular target therapies exhibited better efficacy (PFS and OS) as compared to the ICIs and molecular target therapies. However, there is a lack of effective tools to select those who will benefit the most from that combination therapy. The purpose of this study is to establish a personalized model of prognosis stratification for patients with advanced-stage HCC who receive TACE and immune checkpoint ICIs plus molecular target therapies (including, VEGF-TKI/ bevacizumab). This real-world study may provide further information on treatment selection for clinical practice and trials.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Has a diagnosis of HCC confirmed by radiology, histology, or cytology;
2. Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage C with the presence of extrahepatic spread and/or macrovascular invasion;
3. Has not received any previous systemic therapy for HCC (including chemotherapy, molecularly targeted therapy, immunotherapy);
4. Both PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and anti-angiogenesis drugs patients received only include marketed drugs but are not limited to HCC approval;
5. TACE was performed after the first PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor/anti-angiogenic drug treatment or before treatment (within 3 months);
6. Received at least 1 cycle of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor/anti-angiogenic drug combination therapy after TACE treatment;
7. Has repeated measurable intrahepatic lesions;

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Cholangiocarcinoma, fibrolamellar, sarcomatoid hepatocellular carcinoma, and mixed hepatocellular/cholangiocarcinoma subtypes(confirmed by histology, or pathology) are not eligible;
2. Unable to meet criteria of combination timeframe described above;
3. Child-Pugh C or PS>2 or Severe hepatic encephalopathy

Patients with advanced HCC who received TACE in combination with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and molecular target therapies under real-world practice conditions