The goal of this observational study is to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the transfusion of irradiated red blood cells, washed red blood cells, and leukocyte privative red blood cells, and to study the changes of inflammatory response before and after the transfusion of irradiated red blood cells, washed red blood cells, and leukocyte privative red blood cells in anemic neonates. The main questions it aims to answer are:

• Objective evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of transfusion of different blood products in the treatment of neonatal anemia from the clinical efficacy.
• To provide objective basis for clinical rational use of blood in the selection of blood products.

Participants will be transfused with fresh irradiated red blood cells, washed red blood cells, and leukocyte privative red blood cells respectively according to relevant clinical and laboratory indicators.

Inclusion Criteria:

Neonates with stable hemodynamics who need blood transfusion are comprehensively evaluated by neonatologists according to their clinical conditions (heart, respiratory status, postnatal age, pregnancy at birth), laboratory indicators, etc. Diagnosis of Neonatal Septicemia:

• The mother had chorioamnionitis infection or Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) ≥18 h.
• The clinical diagnosis is that there are clinical abnormal manifestations, and any of the following conditions is met at the same time: ① blood non-specific examination ≥ 2 items are positive, ② cerebrospinal fluid examination is purulent meningitis change, and ③ pathogenic bacteria DNA is detected in blood.
• The diagnosis was confirmed as having clinical manifestations and positive blood culture or cerebrospinal fluid (or other sterile cavity fluid) culture.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (current or previous).
• Feeding intolerance (defined as the decision of the treatment clinical team to suspend feeding / suspend feeding for at least 12 hours).
• RBC transfusion in the past 72 hours; Children who received ibuprofen / indomethacin / surgery 72 hours ago and / or severe congenital malformations such as congenital gastrointestinal tract, complex cardiopulmonary / fatal abnormalities or need emergency blood transfusion.

Neonates who received blood transfusion at the Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University from October 1, 2023 to September 30, 2025.