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The response to hypoxia is very individual and epending on many aspects, such as the type of training, duration, intensity, or hypoxic stimulus, hypoxia affects the athlete in various ways. The results of this study have shown that 18 days of the LH-TL method does not significantly increase the level of EPO and VEGF in rowers. However, reticulocytes, immature red blood cells, have shown significant differences after 18-d LH-TL between groups. Further research should be carried out to investigate an optimal hypoxic dose and time, which will raise EPO, VEGF, and morphology variables.
The Polish national rower team athletes, 13 males (ages 27,0±4,2 years), were randomly divided into two groups: 1) The hypoxic group (H) included 8 rowers participating in sports training and the LH-TL method, hypoxic rooms (FiO2=14.5%, corresponds to an altitude of 3000 meters). 2) The control group (C) presented 5 rowers participating only in sports training and living in normoxic rooms, at the same sports camp. Rowers were observed during the preparatory period. The hypoxic group lived and slept in hypoxic rooms, for at least 8-14 hours per day. During the camp, all rowers followed the same training schedule and diet.All participants' saturation and heart rate were measured daily, morning and evening, throughout the camp period. Venous blood samples were taken four times, at the beginning of the camp (Baseline), after 5 days, after 12 days, and after 18 days of the camp. Body composition parameters such as body mass index, body fat, and free fat mass were estimated using the bioelectrical impedance method of an analyzer Tanita BC 418 (Japan). Data analysis was performed using Statistica. The response to hypoxia is very individual. Depending on many aspects, such as the type of training, duration, intensity, or hypoxic stimulus, hypoxia affects the athlete in various ways. The results of this study have shown that the blood parameters did not increase significantly in the hypoxic group compared to the control group. However, reticulocytes, immature red blood cells, have shown significant differences after 18-d LH-TL between groups. Further research should be carried out to investigate an optimal hypoxic dose and time, which will raise EPO, VEGF, and morphology variables.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hypoxia | Experimental | live high-train low method was used |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| hypoxia | Other | The athletes were living in hypoxic rooms, and training was carried out on lowlands. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Erythropoietin (EPO) mlU/ml | immunoenzymatic assay methods using diagnostic kits | At the beginning of the camp (Baseline), after 5 days (T1), after 12 days (T2), and after 18 days (T3) of the camp. |
| vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mlU/ml | immunoenzymatic assay methods using diagnostic kits | At the beginning of the camp (Baseline), after 5 days (T1), after 12 days (T2), and after 18 days (T3) of the camp. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| creatine kinase (CK) ng/ml | was determined using spectrophotometer analysis and diagnostic kits | At the beginning of the camp (Baseline), after 5 days (T1), after 12 days (T2), and after 18 days (T3) of the camp. |
| Hs C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) mg/L |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Anna Kasperska | Poznań University of Physical Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences in Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland; | Principal Investigator |
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 32199016 | Background | Kasperska A, Zembron-Lacny A. The effect of intermittent hypoxic exposure on erythropoietic response and hematological variables in elite athletes. Physiol Res. 2020 Apr 30;69(2):283-290. doi: 10.33549/physiolres.934316. Epub 2020 Mar 23. | |
| 17805095 | Background | Wilber RL. Application of altitude/hypoxic training by elite athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Sep;39(9):1610-24. doi: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3180de49e6. |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Exercise and Training at Altitudes: Physiological Effects and Protocols | View source |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000860 | Hypoxia |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012818 | Signs and Symptoms, Respiratory |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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The hypoxic group included rowers participating in sports training and the LH-TL method, hypoxic rooms (FiO2=14.5%, corresponds to an altitude of 3000 meters). And the control group participating only in sports training and living in normoxic rooms, at the same sports camp.
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was determined by immunoenzymatic assay methods using diagnostic kits
| At the beginning of the camp (Baseline), after 5 days (T1), after 12 days (T2), and after 18 days (T3) of the camp. |
| hemoglobin (Hb)g/dL | A professional accredited laboratory company determined the Hb level (Poland, ISO 9001:2008). | At the beginning of the camp (Baseline), after 5 days (T1), after 12 days (T2), and after 18 days (T3) of the camp. |
| hematocrit (Htc)% | A professional accredited laboratory company determined the Htc level (Poland, ISO 9001:2008). | At the beginning of the camp (Baseline), after 5 days (T1), after 12 days (T2), and after 18 days (T3) of the camp. |
| red blood cells (RBC)mln/mm3 | A professional accredited laboratory company determined the RBC level (Poland, ISO 9001:2008). | At the beginning of the camp (Baseline), after 5 days (T1), after 12 days (T2), and after 18 days (T3) of the camp. |
| white blood cells (WBC)10 3/µL | A professional accredited laboratory company determined the WBC level (Poland, ISO 9001:2008). | At the beginning of the camp (Baseline), after 5 days (T1), after 12 days (T2), and after 18 days (T3) of the camp. |
| reticulocytes (Ret)‰ | A professional accredited laboratory company determined the Ret level (Poland, ISO 9001:2008). | At the beginning of the camp (Baseline), after 5 days (T1), after 12 days (T2), and after 18 days (T3) of the camp. |
| SpO2 - oxygen saturation (%) | was measured using a pulse oximeter (Tech-Med, ISO: 13485). | every day, morning and evening, while sports camp |
| bpm - beats per minute(%) | was measured using a pulse oximeter (Tech-Med, ISO: 13485). | every day, morning and evening, while sports camp |
| 30237660 | Result | Czuba M, Fidos-Czuba O, Ploszczyca K, Zajac A, Langfort J. Comparison of the effect of intermittent hypoxic training vs. the live high, train low strategy on aerobic capacity and sports performance in cyclists in normoxia. Biol Sport. 2018 Mar;35(1):39-48. doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.70750. Epub 2017 Oct 11. |
| 29695978 | Result | Ploszczyca K, Langfort J, Czuba M. The Effects of Altitude Training on Erythropoietic Response and Hematological Variables in Adult Athletes: A Narrative Review. Front Physiol. 2018 Apr 11;9:375. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00375. eCollection 2018. |
| 42222289 | Derived | Kasperska A, Dziewiecka H, Jankowski W, Mikulski T, Czerniec I, Skarpanska-Stejnborn A, Ostapiuk-Karolczuk J. Hematological, inflammatory, and hypoxia-responsive adaptations to 18-day normobaric live high-train low training in elite rowers. Front Physiol. 2026 May 13;17:1834329. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2026.1834329. eCollection 2026. |