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One approach to significantly reducing resistance training intensity while maintaining effectiveness in muscle mass and strength development involves conducting training sessions under hypoxic conditions. This is likely due to heightened physiological responses. While sports science research indicates a substantial impact of hypoxic conditions on immediate increases in metabolic stress and augmented hormonal responses, recent findings suggest that the role of their influence on skeletal muscle adaptations post-resistance training under hypoxic conditions remains unknown. Additionally, there is a lack of reports on whether the type of hypoxia applied via blood flow restriction or chamber differentiates the increase in secretion of these catecholamines in both immediate and long-term aspects.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low-Intensity Normoxia | Active Comparator | Participants will be breathing room air, and perform low-intensity lower-body resistance exercise. |
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| High-Intensity Normoxia | Active Comparator | Participants will be breathing room air, and perform high-intensity lower-body resistance exercise. |
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| Low-Intensity Normoxia with Blood Flow Restriction | Experimental | Participants will be breathing room air, and perform low-intensity lower-body resistance exercise combined with blood flow restriction. |
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| Low-Intensity Hypoxia | Experimental | Participants will be breathing a 13% oxygen gas mixture, and perform low-intensity lower-body resistance exercise. |
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| Low-Intensity Hypoxia with Blood Flow Restriction | Experimental | Participants will be breathing a 13% oxygen gas mixture, and perform low-intensity lower-body resistance exercise combined with blood flow restriction. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| low-intensity resistance training | Other | 4 sets of 30/15/15/15 repetitions of leg press exercise with a load of 20-30% of one-repetition maximum (weeks 1-3: 20%, weeks 4-6: 30%) in normoxic conditions performed twice a week for 6 weeks. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Force Output | Force plate will be used to quantify maximum absolute (N) and relative force output (body mass divided per force output in N/kg) during maximum voluntary isometric back squat in a 100ms time frame. Participants will be pushing as hard and as fast as they can on an unmoveable barbell while standing on a force plate. | Immediately pre and post first and last training session |
| One-Repetition Maximum | One-Repetition Maximum test in leg press exercise will be performed to quantify maximum lower body dynamic strength (kg). Participants will be performing single repetitions of leg press exercise with increasing load until volitional failure. | within 5 days from the start and end of training |
| Maximum Number of Repetitions | A maximum number of repetitions in leg press exercise will be performed to quantify lower body strength endurance (number). Participants will be performing leg press exercise at 50% of one-repetition maximum until volitional failure. | within 5 days from the start and end of training |
| Countermovement Jump Height | Countermovement jump height will be performed estimated via take-off velocity performed on force plates to Participants will perform 3 trials on force plate. | Immediately pre and post first and last training session |
| Countermovement Jump Power Output | Countermovement jump performance will be performed to quantify maximum lower body relative and absolute power-output (W/kg and W), and jump height (cm) with concomitant assessment of contraction depth (cm) and contraction time (ms). Participants will perform 3 trials on force plate. | Immediately pre and post first and last training session |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Perception of Pain | A visual analogue scale will be used to quantify the perception of pain (units on a scale). | Immediately pre and post every training session |
| Perception of Effort | The rate of perceived exertion scale will be used to quantify the perception of effort (units on a scale). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Total Body Mass | Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry will be used to quantify total body mass (kg). | within 5 days from the start and end of training |
| Percentage Body Fat | Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry will be used to quantify the percentage of body fat (%). |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education | Katowice | Silesian Voivodeship | 40-065 | Poland |
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| high-intensity resistance training | Other | 4 sets of 10 repetitions of leg press exercise at 70-80% one-repetition maximum (weeks 1-3: 70%, weeks 4-6: 80%) in normoxic conditions performed twice a week for 6 weeks. |
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| low-intensity resistance training combined with blood flow restriction | Other | 4 sets of 30/15/15/15 repetitions of leg press exercise with a load of 20-30% of one-repetition maximum (weeks 1-3: 20%, weeks 4-6: 30%) in normoxic conditions with lower-limbs blood flow restriction (80% total occlusion pressure) performed twice a week for 6 weeks. |
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| low-intensity resistance training in hypoxia condition | Other | 4 sets of 30/15/15/15 repetitions of leg press exercise with a load of 20-30% of one-repetition maximum (weeks 1-3: 20%, weeks 4-6: 30%) in hypoxia conditions (3500 meters above sea) performed twice a week for 6 weeks. |
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| low-intensity resistance training combined with blood flow restriction in hypoxia condition | Other | 4 sets of 30/15/15/15 repetitions of leg press exercise with a load of 20-30% of one-repetition maximum (weeks 1-3: 20%, weeks 4-6: 30%) in normobaric hypoxia conditions (3500 meters above sea) with lower-limbs blood flow restriction (80% total occlusion pressure) performed twice a week for 6 weeks. |
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| Catecholamine Response | A blood sample will be analyzed to quantify changes in epinephrine and norepinephrine level changes. | Immediately pre and post first and last training session |
| Muscle Stiffness | Myotonometry measure will be used to quantify changes in vastus medialis oblique muscle stiffness in N/m | Immediately pre and post first and last training session |
| Muscle Thickness | Ultrasonography measure will be used to quantify changes in vastus medialis oblique cross-sectional area. | within 5 days from the start and end of training |
| Immediately pre and post every training session |
| Blood Pressure | Systolic and diastolic blood pressure will be measured to quantify blood pressure responses. | Immediately pre and post first and last training session |
| within 5 days from the start and end of training |
| Bone Mass Density | Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry will be used to quantify femur bone mass density (g/cm2). | within 5 days from the start and end of training |
| Bone Mineral Content | Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry will be used to quantify bone mineral content (g). | within 5 days from the start and end of training |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000532 | Altitude Sickness |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012120 | Respiration Disorders |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
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