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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Heidelberg University | OTHER |
| Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit Mannheim | OTHER |
| Technische Universität Dresden | OTHER |
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During the first funding period (1st FP) we investigated the impact of acute and chronic stress (Trier Social Stress Test, TSST) on Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT). Moreover, we developed a novel full transfer task that allows assessing both general and specific PIT to investigate whether specific PIT differs between alcohol use disorder (AUD) and control subjects. We found that our online version of TSST induced stress and thereby amplified PIT effects in participants. Preliminary analyses of the full transfer task indicate that AUD participants exhibit a stronger specific PIT effect compared to controls. Based on these findings, we want to assess the following aim for this study:
Investigate the effect of experimentally induced social exclusion on alcohol-specific and general PIT effects in AUD and control participants.
The projects research aim:
The investigators will examine how an experimentally induced social exclusion by the Cyberball task is associated with alcohol specific and general PIT effects by using the newly developed full transfer task from 1st funding period in AUD vs. HCs.
The investigators will use the newly developed full PIT paradigm to examine the modifying effect of experimentally induced social exclusion stress on alcohol-specific and general PIT effects. While using the Trier Social Stress Test in the 1st FP, the investigators now want to go one step further by including social exclusion/ostracism to the stress component, which has not been studied in association with PIT effects yet. The investigators here want to shed light on possible underlying mechanisms which can lead to a promotion of alcohol-seeking by alcohol-stimuli in situations of social exclusion.
Participants (50 AUD and 50 HC) will be assessed at two time points, once after experimentally induced social exclusion and once after social inclusion in a fully balanced, cross-over within-subject design. Subjects will play an online game tossing a ball to each other with two more virtual co-players (Cyberball). Using a cover story, we make subjects believe that the co-players really exist and that they play a live online game. During social exclusion, subjects will be systematically excluded by one co-player (partial exclusion), and during social inclusion, ball tosses will be balanced between all three players. Cyberball usually induces feelings of social isolation and altered behavioral reactions in the subject, which the investigators want to assess by analyzing ball tossing behavior over time, as well as physiological and subjective measures (concentration of cortisol in saliva, heart rate variability and emotions questionnaires, such as the Need to Belong Scale, Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire, Need threat scale and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule pre and post Cyberball game and after PIT). After the Cyberball experiment, subjects will undergo the transfer part of the full PIT task (using a parallel version at one of the two days in a randomized order).
Hypothesis 1a:
Social exclusion will lead to a stronger stress hormone response (concentration of cortisol in saliva), lower heart rate variability and a stronger general PIT effect compared to social inclusion (main effect social exclusion intervention on PIT).
Hypothesis 1b:
Stronger social exclusion effects in AUD subjects compared to controls will lead to stronger PIT effects compared to social inclusion (interaction effect between group and stress intervention on PIT), especially for alcohol-specific PIT.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control (HC) - exclusion first | Experimental | Healthy participants without SUD Cyberball: Exclusion Day 1; Cyberball: Inclusion Day 2 |
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| Control (HC) - inclusion first | Experimental | Healthy participants without SUD Cyberball: Inclusion Day 1; Cyberball: Exclusion Day 2 |
|
| Moderate to sever alcohol users (AUD) - exclusion first | Experimental | Participants with alcohol use disorder (moderate to severe if no withdrawal symptoms) and no other substance use disorder (SUD) Cyberball: Exclusion Day 1; Cyberball: Inclusion Day 2 |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PIT paradigm | Behavioral | The paradigm consists of four parts: In the first part, an instrumental learning task is completed in which subjects must learn which stimuli require a response and which do not. In the second part, a classical (Pavlovian) conditioning task is then completed in which subjects learn by passive viewing which stimuli are associated with certain amounts of money. The third part measures to which instrumental responses (learned in Part 1) are modulated by the presentation of the classically conditioned stimuli (learned in Part 2). At the same time drug-associated stimuli are presented in the background measuring to which extent they conflict with the learned instrumental behavior. In the last part, query trials are implemented in which the participants have to choose between two pictures to assess the relative cue value. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Behavioral full-lever specific and general PIT (parallel version) effect day one | Specific: Average percentage of alcohol choice difference during the presentation of alcohol or non-alcohol pavlovian background. General: Differences in number of button presses during the presentation of positive (+10 Euro) and negative (-10 Euro) pavlovian backgrounds. | Day 1 |
| Behavioral full-lever specific and general PIT (parallel version) effect day two | Specific: Average percentage of alcohol choice difference during the presentation of alcohol or non-alcohol pavlovian background. General: Differences in number of button presses during the presentation of positive (+10 Euro) and negative (-10 Euro) pavlovian backgrounds. | Day 2 |
| Social exclusion/inclusion induced using Cyberball Game | experimentally-induced social exclusion stress by using the cyberball paradigm: Subjects will play an online game tossing a ball to each other with two more virtual co-players. Using a cover story, we make subjects believe that the co-players really exist and that they play a live online game. During social exclusion, subjects will be systematically excluded by one co-player (partial exclusion), and during social inclusion, ball tosses will be balanced between all three players. Effects of the Cyberball manipulation (social exclusion/inclusion) will be assessed via ratings in Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) and Need-Threat-Scale (NTS). | Day 1 |
| Social exclusion/inclusion induced using Cyberball Game | experimentally-induced social exclusion stress by using the cyberball paradigm: Subjects will play an online game tossing a ball to each other with two more virtual co-players. Using a cover story, we make subjects believe that the co-players really exist and that they play a live online game. During social exclusion, subjects will be systematically excluded by one co-player (partial exclusion), and during social inclusion, ball tosses will be balanced between all three players. Effects of the Cyberball manipulation (social exclusion/inclusion) will be assessed via ratings in Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) and Need-Threat-Scale (NTS). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Concentration of cortisol in saliva | [Time Frame: Assessment before, during and after Cyberball game (T1: arrival of subject), T2: right before Cyberball game, T3: right after Cyberball game, T4: after PIT part 3 and T5: at the end of testing day)] | Day 1 and Day 2 |
| Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin | Berlin | 10117 | Germany |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 32102102 | Background | Roayaee M, Rahman RA, Danziger M, Tudge L, Daedelow LS, Heinz A, Wustenberg T. [The others and I: How social interactions change the perception of other persons. The Cyberball paradigm and its indications in the migration context]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2020 Feb;88(2):109-117. doi: 10.1055/a-1033-7304. Epub 2020 Feb 26. German. | |
| 21110407 |
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The study employs a within-group design. The participants of each group (AUD and HC) attend two consecutive sessions (one a day), and on each of these days, they engage in the Cyberball Experiment before undertaking the PIT Task. Within the Cyberball Experiment, participants are randomly assigned to either partial exclusion or inclusion on the first day. On the second consecutive day, they undergo the condition they did not experience previously.
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| Moderate to sever alcohol users (AUD) - inclusion first | Experimental | Participants with alcohol use disorder (moderate to severe if no withdrawal symptoms) and no other substance use disorder (SUD) Cyberball: Inclusion Day 1; Cyberball: Exclusion Day 2 |
|
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| social exclusion (Cyberball task) | Behavioral | Social exclusion will be assessed using the cyberball paradigm: subjects will play an online game tossing a ball to each other with two more virtual co-players. Using a cover story, we make subjects believe that the co-players really exist and that they play a live online game. During social exclusion, subjects will be systematically excluded by one co-player, and during social inclusion, ball tosses will be balanced between all three players. |
|
| Saliva samples | Diagnostic Test | Assessing acute stress effects in AUD and HC subjects |
|
| basic psychological assessment | Diagnostic Test |
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| pre and post cyberball task | Diagnostic Test | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule(PANAS) |
|
| VAS | Diagnostic Test | subjective arousal, subjective stress, valence, perceived ostracisms/loneliness |
|
| after cyberball task | Diagnostic Test |
|
|
| social inclusion (Cyberball task) | Behavioral | Social inclusion will be assessed using the cyberball paradigm: subjects will play an online game tossing a ball to each other with two more virtual co-players. Using a cover story, we make subjects believe that the co-players really exist and that they play a live online game. During social inclusion, ball tosses will be balanced between all three players. |
|
| Day 2 |
Scale 1-5, for PA (positive affect) and NA (negative affect) higher scores indicate higher positive and negative affect |
| Baseline and after Cyberball Experiment on Day 1 and Day 2 |
| Need Threat Scale (NTS) | Scale from 1 to 5, high scores indicate high needs in Belonging, Control, Meaningful existence and self-esteem | After Cyberball Experiment on Day 1 and Day 2 |
| Heart rate variability | At baseline 5 min AND During experimental part (social inclusion or exclusion) 5 min Day 1 and Day 2 |
| Staebler K, Helbing E, Rosenbach C, Renneberg B. Rejection sensitivity and borderline personality disorder. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2011 Jul-Aug;18(4):275-83. doi: 10.1002/cpp.705. Epub 2010 May 25. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000437 | Alcoholism |
| D015775 | Fractures, Stress |
| D000091488 | Ostracism |
| D019966 | Substance-Related Disorders |
| D012934 | Social Isolation |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019973 | Alcohol-Related Disorders |
| D064419 | Chemically-Induced Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D050723 | Fractures, Bone |
| D014947 | Wounds and Injuries |
| D012919 | Social Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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