Establish echocardiographic normal reference values of Chinese Han adults based on artificial intelligence.

We will establish normal reference values for the volume, function and strain of various heart chambers of Chinese people based on the recruitment of healthy Chinese subjects.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age ≥ 18 years; No history or clinical evidence of cardiac, cardiovascular, lung, or kidney disease; No abnormal findings on physical examination, biochemical examination, electrocardiography, or echocardiography.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Hypertension (blood pressure [BP] > 140/80 mmHg) or receiving medication for hypertension; body mass index > 30 kg/m2; total cholesterol ≥ 6.2 mmol/L, triglyceride ≥ 2.3 mmol/L, or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol < 1.0 mmol/L; endocrine diseases, such as diabetes mellitus (fasting blood glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L), thyroid disease, pheochromocytoma, adrenal insufficiency, and hyperaldosteronism; anemia; abnormal liver function; connective tissue diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, and scleroderma; malignancy; current pregnancy or lactation; professional sport activity; and a history of alcoholism.

Chinese Han healthy adults