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Exposure of the human body to cold water triggers numerous beneficial physiological changes. The study aimed to assess the impact of regular winter swimming on blood morphological, rheological, and biochemical indicators and activity of antioxidant enzymes in males. The study includes winter swimmers and a control group. Blood samples were taken twice - before the start (November) of the winter swimming season and after its end (March). The average duration of ice water baths was 3-5 minutes, with a minimum frequency of once a week. The water temperature during the swimming did not exceed 10°C, approaching 0°C during the winter period.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| control | group not practicing winter swimming | ||
| winter swimmers | group practicing winter swimming |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| winter swimming | Other | Intervention involves bathing/swimming in cold water during the winter months in open waters |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| blood sampling: platelets and leukocytes | Measurements of: Platelets [thousands/μl], Leukocytes [thousands/μl], Neutrophils [thousands/μl], Eosinophils [thousands/μl], Basophils [thousands/μl], Lymphocytes [thousands/μl], Monocytes [thousands/μl]. | twice: before the start of cold swimming in November and 5 months later (March), after the end of winter swimming |
| blood sampling: erythrocytes | Measurement of: Erythrocytes [mln/μl], | twice: before the start of cold swimming in November and 5 months later (March), after the end of winter swimming |
| blood sampling: haemoglobin | Determination of: Haemoglobin [g/dl], mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) [g/dl], | twice: before the start of cold swimming in November and 5 months later (March), after the end of winter swimming |
| blood sampling: haematocrit | Determination of: haematocrit [%], red blood cell distribution width coefficient of variation (RDW-CV) [%], | twice: before the start of cold swimming in November and 5 months later (March), after the end of winter swimming |
| blood sampling: haemoglobin mass | Determination of: mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) [pg], | twice: before the start of cold swimming in November and 5 months later (March), after the end of winter swimming |
| blood sampling: Erythrocytes | Determination of mean corpuscular volume (MCV) [fl], red blood cell distribution width standard deviation (RDW-SD) [fl], |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Experienced in winter swimming, regularly swimming in cold water (open water) at least once a week in the period November - March
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Aneta Teleglow | University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Physical Education | Krakow | 31571 | Poland |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 38907310 | Derived | Teleglow A, Konieczny K, Dobija I, Kusmierczyk J, Tota L, Rembiasz K, Maciejczyk M. Effect of regular winter swimming on blood morphological, rheological, and biochemical indicators and activity of antioxidant enzymes in males. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2024 Jun 21;16(1):138. doi: 10.1186/s13102-024-00932-3. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003139 | Common Cold |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012141 | Respiratory Tract Infections |
| D007239 | Infections |
| D010850 | Picornaviridae Infections |
| D012327 | RNA Virus Infections |
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| twice: before the start of cold swimming in November and 5 months later (March), after the end of winter swimming |
| blood sampling: rheology part 1 | Determination of red cell elongation index (EI) [arbitrary unit: AU], erythrocyte aggregation amplitude (AMP) [AU], | twice: before the start of cold swimming in November and 5 months later (March), after the end of winter swimming |
| blood sampling: rheology part 2 | Determination of: aggregation index (AI) [%], | twice: before the start of cold swimming in November and 5 months later (March), after the end of winter swimming |
| blood sampling:rheology part 3 | Determination of: half-time of total aggregation (t1/2) [s]. | twice: before the start of cold swimming in November and 5 months later (March), after the end of winter swimming |
| blood sampling: oxidative stress | Measurement of catalase (CAT) [nmol/min/ml], and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) [nmol/min/ml]. | twice: before the start of cold swimming in November and 5 months later (March), after the end of winter swimming |
| blood sampling: oxidative stress - superoxide dismutase | Measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD) [U/ml], | twice: before the start of cold swimming in November and 5 months later (March), after the end of winter swimming |
| blood biochemistry: Urea | Measurement of: Urea [mmol/l]. | twice: before the start of cold swimming in November and 5 months later (March), after the end of winter swimming |
| blood sampling: Testosterone | Determination of Testosterone concentration [ng/dl], | twice: before the start of cold swimming in November and 5 months later (March), after the end of winter swimming |
| blood sampling: Cortisol | Determination of Cortisol concentration [µg/dl], | twice: before the start of cold swimming in November and 5 months later (March), after the end of winter swimming |
| blood biochemistry: Creatine | Determination of Creatinine concentration [µmol/l], | twice: before the start of cold swimming in November and 5 months later (March), after the end of winter swimming |
| D014777 |
| Virus Diseases |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
| D001519 | Behavior |