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The objective of this study is to determine the effect of consumption of drinks with varying amounts of glycerol and electrolytes on fluid balance at rest.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Placebo Comparator | No sodium, No glycerol |
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| Sodium only group 1 | Experimental | 55 mmol/L sodium |
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| Glycerol only | Experimental | 4.6% glycerol |
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| Sodium and Glycerol group 1 | Experimental | 55 mmol/L sodium and 4.6% glycerol |
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| Sodium only group 2 | Experimental | 27.5 mmol/L sodium |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beverage. Incomplete block where each participant will complete 3 of the 6 possible glycerol-sodium blends in random order. | Other | 9.3 oz (273 ml) aliquot of one of the study beverages every 15 min for a total of 28 oz (828 ml) over a 45-min period, followed by 15 min of rest. Flavored water matched for sweetness, color. flavor, but cannot be matched for saltiness. All sodium-containing drinks will include a base blend of other electrolytes (potassium 15 mmol/L, magnesium 8 mmol/L, and calcium 5 mmol/L). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Fluid balance | Change in body mass to the nearest 0.005 kilogram (kg) using a platform scale | Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 0, 30, 60, 90,120 and 180 minutes |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Fluid retention | As a percent (%) | Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 0, 30, 60, 90,120 and 180 minutes |
| Urine mass | By urine mass scale in grams (g) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Lindsay Baker, PhD | PepsiCo, Inc. Sports Science | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PepsiCo R&D, Gatorade Sports Science Institute | Valhalla | New York | 10595 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41138915 | Derived | Baker LB, Hinkley JM, Ozga M, Alfred SL, Merritt JR, De Chavez PJD. A randomized trial modeling the effects of solutions with low to moderate glycerol and sodium concentrations on fluid balance in healthy, active adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2026 Jan;123(1):101094. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.10.011. Epub 2025 Oct 23. |
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| Sodium and Glycerol group 2 | Experimental | 27.5 mmol/L sodium and 2.3% glycerol |
|
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| Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes |
| Urine specific gravity | By USG digital pen refractometer | Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 0, 30, 60, 90,120 and 180 minutes |
| Blood sodium | By iSTAT Blood Electrolyte and Chemistry Analyzer (CG8+ cartridge) in mmol/L | Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 0, 60 min, 120 min and 180 minutes |
| Blood glucose | Glucometer for point of care test in mg/dL | Screening visit only |
| Blood glucose | By iSTAT Blood Electrolyte and Chemistry Analyzer (CG8+ cartridge) in mg/dL | Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 0, 60 min, 120 min and 180 minutes |
| Percent change in plasma volume | Calculated from hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration | Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 0, 60 min, 120 min and 180 minutes |
| Serum glycerol concentration | By Sigma Aldrich glycerol assay kit in mmol/L | Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 0, 60 min, 120 min and 180 minutes |
| Blood pressure | mmHg by automatic sphygmomanometer | Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes |
| Heart rate | Beats per minute (bpm) by heart rate monitor | Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes |
| Subjective measures of gastrointestinal discomfort and headache | Visual Analog Scale (VAS) symptom rating of how you feel right now by placing a slash along a 100 millimeter (mm) vertical line anchored from 0 mm (None) to 100 mm (Severe). Fewer symptoms and lower numbers are better. | Change from baseline (pre-beverage) to post-beverage Time 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes |
| Menstrual cycle phase | Date of last menstrual period by self-report of female participant | Female participants log menstrual flow throughout study participation. The three study sessions (2-45 days apart) are scheduled to avoid menses and can be completed in the same menstrual cycle, or in 3 different cycles (3 different months) if needed. |