Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Pain affects the athlete's sporting career directly or indirectly. Directly, the injury affects other areas of the body causing a physical decompensation in the athlete and this affects the correct execution of the sporting technique, or how technical gestures can cause pain. Indirectly, through the psychological consequences of pain that generate a series of negative consequences and feelings. Some studies suggest that psychological skills are an important tool for pain management. For that reason, a mindfulness intervention programme would be a useful tool for manage pain in this population.
The study hypothesised that the Mindfulness Sports Performance Enhancement (MSPE) programme adapted for this population, was more effective than mindfulness-based relaxation training as a treatment for chronic pain and associated emotional disturbances in Para athletes with physical disabilities, and that it contributes more to modifying psychological variables that have been shown to be related to or have modulatory value in the experience of chronic pain.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental group (MSPE programme group). | Experimental | Experimental (MSPE group). The experimental group received the Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement programme (MSPE), with some changes and adaptations taking into account the characteristics and needs of the Para-athletes and the overall aim of the study. Such as reducing the session time (2h), including staff and support material, extending the pre-session time (35-40 min), and incorporating the dynamics of emotions and Mindful Yoga into the floor of the MBSR programme [2]. |
|
| Control group (relaxation group). | Active Comparator | Control group. Control group. Athletes with physical disabilities participating in the home were provided with a guide to body awareness-based relaxation training guidelines [3]. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental group (MSPE programme group). | Other | Experimental group. MSPE Programme. This group will receive a face-to-face mindfulness MSPE programme for 6 weeks, once a week for 1h 50min-2 hours. In addition to doing mindfulness activities at home. Each session contains the following exercises: (1) intention meditation, sultana exercise, diaphragmatic breathing and sitting meditation with a focus on breath, body and sound; (2) diaphragmatic breathing, Body Scan; (3) sitting meditation, dynamics of emotions, Mindful Yoga on the floor; (4) letting go of attachments, mindful Yoga on the floor walking meditation; (5) sports meditation, sitting meditation with a focus on breath, body and sound; (6) intention meditation, body scan analysis and review of sports meditation. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in pain intensity (current pain) post intervention. [Time Frame: Baseline and at 6 weeks].[Safety Issue: No]. | The presence of pain intensity (current pain) will be measured on a visual analogue Likert-type rating scale from 1 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable) without and with sports practice. A higher score indicates greater intensity. | Month and a half. |
| Change in pain frequency post intervention. [Time Frame: Baseline and at 6 weeks].[Safety Issue: No] | The frequency with which Para-athletes experience pain will be assessed on a Likert-type scale from 1 (very infrequent) to 5 (very frequent). | Month and a half. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Secondary Outcome Measure. [Time Frame: Baseline and at 6 weeks].[Safety Issue: No]. Higher values reflect higher levels on the scale to be measured. | Mindfulness: 2. Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). The scale will assess the individual's ability to be attentive and aware of the present moment experience in everyday life. ID: 22344492. Mental health variables: 3. Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-21). The scale will assess the presence and intensity of affective states of depression, anxiety, and stress. [5]. 4. Scales of Psychological Well-Being (SPWBP). The scale will assess the six dimensions postulated in the multidimensional model of psychological well-being. ID de PubMed: 17296089. 5. Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). The scale will assess satisfaction with life. [7]. Coping strategies: 6. Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ). This questionnaire measures involvement in activities and openness to pain. ID: 21044544. 7. Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ). This questionnaire will assess the frequency with which the subject uses different pain coping strategies. ID: 15042468 |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| MarÃa I. B Barriopedro, PhD in Psychology | Universidad Politecnica de Madrid | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sandra Constantino Murillo | Madrid | 28040 | Spain |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Background | [1] Kaufman, K., Glass, C. R., & Pineau, T. R. (2018). Mindful sport performance enhancement: Mental training for athletes and coaches. American Psychological Association. | ||
| Background | [2] MartÃn-Asuero (2008). On your own course. Enjoy life without stress. Platform. | ||
| Background | [3] Bernstein, D., Borkovec, T., & Hazlett-Stevens, H. (2000). New Directions in Progressive Relaxation Training: A Guidebook for Helping Professionals. Bloomsbury Academic. | ||
| 22344492 | Background | Soler J, Tejedor R, Feliu-Soler A, Pascual JC, Cebolla A, Soriano J, Alvarez E, Perez V. Psychometric proprieties of Spanish version of Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2012 Jan-Feb;40(1):19-26. Epub 2012 Jan 1. |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001265 | Athletic Injuries |
| D059350 | Chronic Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014947 | Wounds and Injuries |
| D010146 | Pain |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D035061 | Control Groups |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015340 | Epidemiologic Research Design |
| D004812 | Epidemiologic Methods |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D012107 | Research Design |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
|
| Control group (relaxation group). | Other | These instructions included a combination of tension-relaxation of specific muscles and simple breathing techniques. They were recommended to do this on a daily basis, with a minimum of 4 sessions per week. |
|
| Month and a half. |
| Background | [5] Daza P, Novy DM, Stanley MA, Averill P. The depression, anxiety, stress-21 scale: translation and validation into Spanish with a Hispanic sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 2002; 24(3): 195-205. |
| 17296089 | Background | Diaz D, Rodriguez-Carvajal R, Blanco A, Moreno-Jimenez B, Gallardo I, Valle C, van Dierendonck D. [Spanish adaptation of the Psychological Well-Being Scales (PWBS)]. Psicothema. 2006 Aug;18(3):572-7. Spanish. |
| 11011872 | Background | Pons D, Atienza FL, Balaguer I, Garcia-Merita ML. Satisfaction with life scale: analysis of factorial invariance for adolescents and elderly persons. Percept Mot Skills. 2000 Aug;91(1):62-8. doi: 10.2466/pms.2000.91.1.62. |
| 21044544 | Background | Gonzalez Menendez A, Fernandez Garcia P, Torres Viejo I. [Acceptance of chronic pain in fibromyalgia patients: adaptation of Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) in a Spanish population]. Psicothema. 2010 Nov;22(4):997-1003. Spanish. |
| 15042468 | Background | Rodriguez Franco L, Cano Garcia FJ, Blanco Picabia A. [Assessment of chronic pain coping strategies]. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2004 Mar-Apr;32(2):82-91. Spanish. |
| D013568 |
| Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D008722 | Methods |