During induction, the propofol group initiates with a target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol, starting at an effect site concentration of 4.0 ng/ml. After intubation, it is adjusted to maintain an appropriate depth of anesthesia based on the EEG (psi target 40).

The remimazolam group begins with a continuous infusion of remimazolam at 6 mg/kg/hr, which is then adjusted to 1 mg/kg/hr after loss of consciousness to maintain an appropriate depth of anesthesia based on the EEG (psi target 40).

During induction, the propofol group initiates with a target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol, starting at an effect site concentration of 4.0 ng/ml. After intubation, it is adjusted to maintain an appropriate depth of anesthesia based on the EEG (psi target 40).

Frontal spectral power in EEG (Electroencephalography) refers to the measurement of electrical activity in the frontal lobes of the brain across different frequency bands. Frontal spectral power specifically focuses on the electrical activity in the frontal region of the brain within these frequency bands. Different frequency bands are associated with different states of brain activity. For example, alpha waves are often associated with relaxation or idling of the brain, while beta waves are linked to more active cognitive processing.

The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) is a medical assessment tool used to measure a patient's level of agitation or sedation. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale typically ranges from -5 to +4, with each level representing a specific state of sedation or agitation.