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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| The Ministry of SMEs and Startups. South Korea | UNKNOWN |
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A study in South Korea assessed the effectiveness of the "MINDLiNG" digital mental healthcare program, targeting maladaptive personality traits, and found significant improvements in reducing stress, perfectionism, loneliness, and anxiety, while increasing self-esteem among participants. The study highlights the potential of digital solutions to address the high demand for mental healthcare services in South Korea.
This study conducted a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a digital intervention program called "MINDLiNG" designed to target maladaptive personality traits, with four subprograms addressing perfectionism, low self-esteem, social isolation, and anxiety. Participants were assigned to one of these programs, and primary outcome measures varied accordingly, including the Perceived Stress Scale, Hewitt Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, State Self-Esteem Scale, UCLA Loneliness Scale, and Beck Anxiety Inventory. The study anticipated treatment effects in both primary and secondary outcome measures for the treatment group compared to the waitlist group after 5 and 10 weeks of intervention.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment group | Experimental | Adults between the ages of 18 and 60 were recruited and randomly assigned to the treatment group and waitlist group in the ratio of 2:1. Based on the screening results, 75 participants were assigned to each of the four intervention programs within MINDLiNG (Riggy, Pleaser, Shelly, and Jumpy). |
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| Waitlist group | No Intervention | Adults between the ages of 18 and 60 were recruited and randomly assigned to the treatment group and waitlist group in the ratio of 2:1. Based on the screening results, 25 participants were assigned to each of the four intervention programs waitlist. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "MINDLiNG" Digital Mental Health Intervention | Device | The intervention was delivered on an online platform set up separately for the study, which was accessible via the web browser and application. The psychological intervention program for maladaptive personality traits (Mindling) is based on the principles of CBT, psychological schema therapy, acceptance-commitment therapy, and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and is aimed primarily at adults to prevent and overcome psychological difficulties |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived Stress Scale | The primary outcome measure for the entirety of the MINDLiNG program. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is a 10-item scale that can range from 0 to 40, which measures the perceived stress on a 5-point severity with higher scores indicating more severe perceived stress. | The treatment group was assessed at Weeks 0, 5, 10, and 14, and the waitlist group at Weeks 0, 5, and 10 |
| Hewitt Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale | Perfectionism, the primary outcome of the Riggy program, was measured using the Hewitt Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (HMPS). The HMPS is a 45-item measure with three trait subscales measuring self-oriented perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism, and socially prescribed perfectionism. It ranges from 45 to 315. Higher level means higher level of perfectionism. | The Riggy treatment group was assessed at Weeks 0, 5, 10, and 14, and the waitlist group at Weeks 0, 5, and 10 |
| State Self-Esteem Scale | State self-esteem, the primary outcome of the Pleaser program, was measured using the Sate Self-Esteem Scale (SSES) SSES is a 20-item scale on a 5-point likert scale ranging from 20 to 100, assessing 3 facets of self-esteem: appearance, performance, and social. Higher score means higher level of self-esteem. | The Pleaser treatment group was assessed at Weeks 0, 5, 10, and 14, and the waitlist group at Weeks 0, 5, and 10 |
| UCLA Loneliness Scale | Loneliness, the primary outcome of the Shelly program, was measured using the UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS). UCLA-LS is a 20-item scale to measure subjective feelings of loneliness as well as feelings of social isolation on a 4-point likert scale ranging from 20 to 80. Higher score means higher level of loneliness. | The Shelly treatment group was assessed at Weeks 0, 5, 10, and 14, and the waitlist group at Weeks 0, 5, and 10 |
| Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Self-Efficacy Stress (SES) | A measure for entirety of the MINDLiNG program. The SES is a 23-item scale that assesses the individuals self-efficacy on a 5-point likert scale ranging from 23 to 115. Higher scores indicate higher level of self-efficacy. | The treatment group was assessed at Weeks 0, 5, 10, and 14, and the waitlist group at Weeks 0, 5, and 10 |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Min-Sup Shin, PhD | Seoul National University College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seoul National University Hospital | Seoul | South Korea |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 40574385 | Derived | Jeong S, Kim H, Lho SK, Hwang I, Mun S, Kim S, Lim H, Kim H, Shin MS, Moon W. Schema-Informed Digital Mental Health Intervention for Maladaptive Cognitive-Emotional Patterns: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res. 2025 Aug 14;27:e65892. doi: 10.2196/65892. |
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The primary measure of the Jumpy program was the BAI. A 21-item self-inventory on a 4-point likert scale ranging from 0 to 63, measuring common somatic and cognitive symptoms of anxiety. Higher score means higher level of anxiety |
| The Jumpy treatment group was assessed at Weeks 0, 5, 10, and 14, and the waitlist group at Weeks 0, 5, and 10 |
| Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) | A measure for entirety of the MINDLiNG program. The CES-D is a 20-item questionnaire that measures depressive symptoms on a 4-point likert scale ranging from 0 to 60. Higher score means higher level of depression. | The treatment group was assessed at Weeks 0, 5, 10, and 14, and the waitlist group at Weeks 0, 5, and 10 |
| State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) trait | A measure for entirety of the MINDLiNG program. The STAI trait is a 20-item inventory that measures trait anxiety on a 4-point likert scale ranging from 20 to 80. Higher score means higher anxiety. | The treatment group was assessed at Weeks 0, 5, 10, and 14, and the waitlist group at Weeks 0, 5, and 10 |