Most people with cancer are older, and this affects millions of Europeans yearly. Integrating high-quality, equitable, and cost-effective care across the continuum of supportive, palliative, and end-of-life care for both patients and family caregivers is highly relevant from a healthcare, prevention, and economic perspective.

EU NAVIGATE is an interdisciplinary, cross-country, and intersectoral project funded by the European Union. The overall aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a patient and family navigation intervention (NavCare-EU) for older people with cancer and declining health and their family caregivers in different healthcare systems in Europe. Nav-Care EU is a person- and family-centered non-pharmacological intervention in which navigators collaborate with patients and families to improve quality of life and improve levels of social support, foster empowerment, and facilitate timely and equitable access to health and social care services and resources as needed, throughout the supportive and palliative care continuum. NavCare-EU is based on the existing and successfully tested Nav-CARE(c) intervention from Canada.

Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness will be evaluated through an international 6-country multisite pragmatic fast-track randomised controlled trial (RCT) with an embedded mixed methods process evaluation to compare the NavCare-EU intervention in addition to standard care with the provision of standard care alone. The RCT and process evaluation will be conducted in Belgium (Flanders), Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, and Portugal. Participants are people with cancer and declining health, who are aged 70 years and older, as well as their close family caregivers.

Specific objectives are:

1. To compare the NavCare-EU intervention to care as usual, in terms of its:

1. Effectiveness on (1) global health status/quality of life, and the levels of social support (two co-primary outcomes); and on feelings of loneliness of older persons with cancer across the continuum of supportive, palliative, and end-of-life care; (2) family caregiver burden
2. cost-effectiveness
3. effects on different subgroups defined by characteristics known to affect health equity and equitable access, i.e., gender, age, socioeconomic status, extent of social support and living situation, and geographical location (rural vs. urban)
4. effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in different health care systems and care regimes in Europe

2. To evaluate the implementation processes of the NavCare-EU intervention and the feasibility of its integration in different health care systems and care regimens in Europe, the contextual barriers and facilitators for effective and sustainable implementation, and the mechanisms involved in reaching the outcomes in each country, as perceived by patients, family caregivers, and other care providers

For older person with cancer

Inclusion criteria

• Have a cancer diagnosis (active cancer, meaning not being cancer free, of any stage and involving any treatment/care regimen; i.e. curative, life-extending, or palliative), AND
• Aged 70 years or over, AND
• Have declining or deteriorating health using the Clinical Frailty Scale, AND
• Live at home (own home or home of the family caregiver) (or discharged home if recruited in hospital), AND
• Live within the catchment area of the navigation programme/service

Exclusion criteria

• The close family caregiver living with the person with cancer or providing care at least on a weekly basis, and identified as the primary family caregiver by the person with cancer, if present, does not agree to participate in the study (unless participation is explicitly requested by the patient) , OR
• Lives in a care or nursing home, or is incarcerated, OR
• Currently receives care from a formally recognized community-based multidisciplinary or specialist palliative care team, OR
• Is unable to provide informed consent or has difficulties understanding the information about the study , OR
• Has a psychiatric condition (i.e. schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depressive disorder) OR has an active substance abuse disorder OR
• Is not able to participate in data collection in the country's language

For close family caregiver (if present)

Inclusion criteria

• Aged 18 years or over , AND
• Lives with the person with cancer OR provides care at least on a weekly basis, AND
• Identified as primary family caregiver by the older person with cancer

Exclusion criteria

• Is unable to provide informed consent or has difficulties understanding the information about the study, OR
• Is not able to participate in data collection in the country's language

All IPD that underlie results in a publication will be made available to third parties upon reasonable request and upon signing a unilateral data sharing agreement

starting 6 months after publication

The data can be obtained from the authors of the publication upon reasonable request. Data will be shared with members of universities, scientific research institutions, or clearly separate and independent research departments of public institutions or non- profit organisations. Data may be used for scientific research only (commercial use of data will not be permitted).