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The aims of this study are two-fold. First to investigate the influence of protein on the FGF21 response induced by alcohol, and second to investigate the influence of retinol on FGF21 concentrations and the FGF21 response induced by alcohol. Exploratory, and in order to investigate mechanisms behind the potential influence on alcohol-induced FGF21 response from protein or retinol intake, plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetate, retinol, retinoic acid, as well as subjective rating of appetite, will be measured.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol | Experimental |
| |
| Alcohol+protein | Experimental |
| |
| Alcohol+retinol | Experimental |
| |
| Retinol | Experimental |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol | Other | Test drink with 12 g alcohol (30 g vodka 40%) in water |
| |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Plasma FGF21 response after consumption of alcohol+protein vs alcohol | Time*drink interaction and iAUC | Outcomes are measured at time 0, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes after test drinks. |
| Plasma FGF21 response after consumption of alcohol+retinol vs alcohol vs retinol | Time*drink interaction and iAUC | Outcomes are measured at time 0, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes after test drinks. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetate, retinol, and retinoic acid after consumption of alcohol+protein vs alcohol+retinol vs alcohol vs retinol. | Time*drink interaction and iAUC | Outcomes are measured at time 0, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes after test drinks. |
| Subjective appetite ratings after consumption of alcohol+protein vs alcohol+retinol vs alcohol vs retinol. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Niels Grarup | Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Departmen of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports | Copenhagen | Denmark |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000431 | Ethanol |
| D014801 | Vitamin A |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000438 | Alcohols |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D012176 | Retinoids |
| D002338 | Carotenoids |
| D011090 |
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| Alcohol+protein |
| Other |
Test drink with 12 g alcohol (30 g vodka 40%) and 25 g whey protein in water |
|
| Alcohol+retinol | Other | Test drink with 12 g alcohol (30 g vodka 40%) and 1000 μg retinol in water |
|
| Retinol | Other | Test drink with 1000 μg retinol in water |
|
Time*drink interaction and iAUC |
| Outcomes are measured at time 0, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes after test drinks. |
| Polyenes |
| D000475 | Alkenes |
| D006839 | Hydrocarbons, Acyclic |
| D006838 | Hydrocarbons |
| D053138 | Cyclohexenes |
| D003510 | Cyclohexanes |
| D003516 | Cycloparaffins |
| D006840 | Hydrocarbons, Alicyclic |
| D006844 | Hydrocarbons, Cyclic |
| D013729 | Terpenes |
| D004224 | Diterpenes |
| D010860 | Pigments, Biological |
| D001685 | Biological Factors |