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The aim of this randomized cross-over study is to investigate how consumption of protein and fat affects the FGF21 response triggered by sucrose. The hypothesis is that the consumption of protein, but not fat, will attenuate the FGF21 response triggered by sucrose.
Exploratory, and in order to investigate mechanisms behind the potential attenuation in the sucrose-induced FGF21 response after protein consumption, glucose, insulin, glucagon, triglycerides, amino acids, glicentin and cholecystokinin (CCK) will be assessed before and after consumption of sucrose, sucrose+protein and sucrose+fat. Furthermore, the association between the FGF21 response after consumption of sucrose, sucrose + protein and sucrose + fat and subjective rating of appetite for sweet will also be investigated.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sucrose | Experimental | The participants will be served a test drink with 75g sucrose dissolved in water |
|
| Sucrose + protein | Experimental | The participants will be served a test drink with 75g sucrose dissolved in water and ~ 100 kcal protein (whey protein) |
|
| Sucrose + fat | Experimental | The participants will be served a test drink with 75g sucrose dissolved in water and ~ 100 kcal fat (cream) |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sucrose | Other | The participants consume A) water with 75 g sucrose |
| |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Difference in FGF21 concentration after consumption of sucrose vs. sucrose+protein | Difference (pg/ml) in plasma FGF21 concentration after consumption of sucrose vs. sucrose+protein. Concentration of FGF21 is measured at time 0 and 60, 120, 180, and 240 min after consuming the test drinks. | Difference in plasma concentration of FGF21 between two test days |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Difference in FGF21 concentration after consumption of sucrose vs. sucrose+fat | Difference (pg/ml) in plasma FGF21 concentration after consumption of sucrose vs. sucrose+fat. FGF21 is measured at time 0 and 60, 120, 180, and 240 min after consuming the test drinks. | Difference in plasma concentration of FGF21 between two test days |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Matthew P Gillum | Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen | Frederiksberg | 1958 | Denmark |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37729024 | Derived | Ramne S, Duizer L, Nielsen MS, Jorgensen NR, Svenningsen JS, Grarup N, Sjodin A, Raben A, Gillum MP. Meal sugar-protein balance determines postprandial FGF21 response in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Nov 1;325(5):E491-E499. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00241.2023. Epub 2023 Sep 20. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013395 | Sucrose |
| D011506 | Proteins |
| D018955 | CD36 Antigens |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004187 | Disaccharides |
| D009844 | Oligosaccharides |
| D011134 | Polysaccharides |
| D002241 | Carbohydrates |
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| Sucrose + protein |
| Other |
The participants consume B) water with 75 g sucrose + approx. 100 kcal protein |
|
| Sucrose + fat | Other | The participants C) water with 75 g sucrose + approx. 100 kcal fat |
|
| Difference in glucose concentration after consumption of sucrose vs. sucrose+protein vs. sucrose+fat. |
Difference (mmol/l) in plasma glucose concentration after consumption of sucrose vs. sucrose+protein vs. sucrose+fat. Glucose is measured at time 0 and 60, 120, 180, and 240 min after consuming the test drinks. |
| Difference in plasma concentration of glucose between the three test days |
| Difference in insulin concentration after consumption of sucrose vs. sucrose+protein vs. sucrose+fat. | Difference (pmol/l) in serum insulin concentration after consumption of sucrose vs. sucrose+protein vs. sucrose+fat. Insulin is measured at time 0 and 60, 120, 180, and 240 min after consuming the test drinks. | Difference in serum concentration of insulin between the three test days |
| Difference in glucagon concentration after consumption of sucrose vs. sucrose+protein vs. sucrose+fat. | Difference (pg/ml) in plasma glucagon concentration after consumption of sucrose vs. sucrose+protein vs. sucrose+fat. Glucagon is measured at time 0 and 60, 120, 180, and 240 min after consuming the test drinks. | Difference in plasma concentration of glucagon between the three test days |
| Difference in triglyceride concentration after consumption of sucrose vs. sucrose+protein vs. sucrose+fat. | Difference (mmol/l) in serum triglyceride concentration after consumption of sucrose vs. sucrose+protein vs. sucrose+fat. Triglyceride is measured at time 0 and 60, 120, 180, and 240 min after consuming the test drinks. | Difference in serum concentration of triglycerides between the three test days |
| Difference in amino acid concentration after consumption of sucrose vs. sucrose+protein vs. sucrose+fat. | Difference in serum amino acid concentration after consumption of sucrose vs. sucrose+protein vs. sucrose+fat. Amino acids are measured at time 0 and 60, 120, 180, and 240 min after consuming the test drinks. | Difference in serum concentration of amino acids between the three test days |
| Difference in glicentin concentration after consumption of sucrose vs. sucrose+protein vs. sucrose+fat. | Difference (pmol/l) in plasma glicentin concentration after consumption of sucrose vs. sucrose+protein vs. sucrose+fat. Glicentin is measured at time 0 and 60, 120, 180, and 240 min after consuming the test drinks. | Difference in plasma glicentin between the three test days |
| Difference in CCK concentration after consumption of sucrose vs. sucrose+protein vs. sucrose+fat. | Difference (pmol/l) in plasma CCK concentration after consumption of sucrose vs. sucrose+protein vs. sucrose+fat. CCK is measured at time 0 and 60, 120, 180, and 240 min after consuming the test drinks. | Difference in plasma CCK between the three test days |
| Difference in appetite for sweet after consumption of sucrose vs. sucrose+protein vs. sucrose+fat. | Difference in appetite for sweet is measured using visual analog scales (VAS). The VAS consists of a 100 mm horizontal unbroken line with words anchored at each end describing the extremes. The participants respond to the question asked by placing a vertical mark through the horizontal line corresponding to their perceived feeling at that particular time. Appetite for sweet is assessed at time 0 and 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min after consuming the test drinks. | Difference in appetite for sweet between the three test days |
| D000073893 |
| Sugars |
| D000602 | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins |
| D010980 | Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins |
| D008562 | Membrane Glycoproteins |
| D006023 | Glycoproteins |
| D006001 | Glycoconjugates |
| D050612 | Fatty Acid Transport Proteins |
| D026901 | Membrane Transport Proteins |
| D002352 | Carrier Proteins |
| D008565 | Membrane Proteins |
| D011956 | Receptors, Cell Surface |
| D011971 | Receptors, Immunologic |
| D051122 | Scavenger Receptors, Class B |
| D051116 | Receptors, Scavenger |
| D011973 | Receptors, LDL |
| D018110 | Receptors, Lipoprotein |