Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
The goal of this study is to investigate the efficacy of different internet based delivery methods for patients with chronic non-specific low back pain.
The parameters we want to study is pain, disability, fear of movement, and quality of life.
This study is a randomized control trial with two intervention groups and one control group with total sample size of 72:
Sample Size Calculation:
An adequate sample size was calculated using G*power 3.1.9.7. Statistical test fixed effects one-way ANOVA, the probability for alpha error (α) at 0.05, large effect size f = 0.4, power = 0.8, and three groups. A total of 66 subjects was calculated as the minimum required sample size. In addition, based on previous studies a dropout rate was set at 10%. Hence, the total sample size was increased to 72. Therefore, each group will have 24 subjects (n=24).
Method:
Intervention:
The three groups received a video conference education session. The content of the session was anatomy and physiology of the musculoskeletal structure, and kinesiology of the lumbar region. In addition, they were educated about the principles of pain, possible causes for the CNLBP, and how to manage CNLBP (correct posture and life modifications).
Subjects in the STP and NSTP received the same exercises based on core stabilization and stretching but with different method.
Protocol:
The exercise protocol (table1) will be as follow with total duration of 44 minutes:
Warm-up (5 minutes): Head tilt, head rotation, shoulder circles, chest stretch, side bend, hip circles, torso twist, forward bend, Cat-cow.
Stabilization exercises (25 minutes):
Level one: Tabletop with single knee and hip flexion. 4-point kneeling with single leg stretch. Bridge. One leg stretch. Straight leg side lifts. Sit-ups with lumbar region fixed on the floor.
Level two: Tabletop with step knee and hip flexion. 4-point kneeling with single-leg rise. Bridge with leg stretch. One leg stretch with knee extension. Straight leg side lifts with contralateral adduction. Sit-ups reach wrists to the knees.
Level three: Tabletop with double knee and hip flexion. 4-point kneeling with contralateral arm and leg raise. Bridge with leg stretch and hold. One leg stretch hold and alternate knee extension. Straight leg side lifts adduct and hold. Sit-ups arms crossed over the chest.
10 repetitions, 10 seconds rest intervals, 3 sets. Cooldown and stretching exercises (14 minutes): quadriceps stretch, kneeling hip flexor stretch, sitting adductor stretch, seated hip and ITB stretch, gluteal stretch (in prone position), piriformis stretch, hamstring-gastrocnemius stretch with a band, abdominal stretch, bend forward stretch.
30 seconds hold for each exercise, 3 cycles.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real-time synchronized telerehabilitation program (STP). | Experimental | Subjects in this group will have face to face real-time video tele-habilitation sessions twice a week using Zoom |
|
| Pre-recording non-synchronized telerehabilitation program (NSTP) | Experimental | Subjects in this group will receive their therapeutic exercises through instructional videos sent via Email or WhatsAPP. |
|
| Home non-supervised control group (HCG) | Other | Minimum intervention which is a PDF file containing the same exercises with no follow ups. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Real-time synchronized telerehabilitation program (STP). | Other | patient education, core stabilization exercises, strengthening exercises, stretching exercises |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Visual Analog Scale | is a visual scale with various types to measure the intensity of the pain where 0 is considered no pain and 10 is unbearable pain. VAS can be just a 100mm horizontal line where patients can put a mark anywhere on the line, or graphics indicating the severity of pain. Also, it can be numerical line from 0 to 10 which we intend to use in this thesis. | 12 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire | A sensitive and reliable evaluation tool, to measure disability in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain. It contains a 24-item scale with a total score ranging from 0 (no disability) to 24 (high disability). The questionnaire was prepared in the questionnaire was delivered electronically as checkboxes question on the prepared assessment google forms. Patients were asked to only choose the sentences that describes how they feel today and skip the sentences that does not. |
Not provided
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Elif Tuğçe ÇİL, Dr | Yeditepe University | Study Chair |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yeditepe University | Istanbul | Ataşehir | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21982256 | Background | Balague F, Mannion AF, Pellise F, Cedraschi C. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 2012 Feb 4;379(9814):482-91. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60610-7. Epub 2011 Oct 6. | |
| 27745712 | Background | Maher C, Underwood M, Buchbinder R. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 2017 Feb 18;389(10070):736-747. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30970-9. Epub 2016 Oct 11. |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Pre-recording non-synchronized telerehabilitation program (NSTP) | Other | Pre-recording non-synchronized telerehabilitation program (NSTP) |
|
| Home non-supervised control group (HCG) | Other | Home non-supervised control group (HCG) |
|
| 12 weeks |
| Oswestry Disability Index | Is a gold standard, valid questionnaire, which assesses disability in ten distinct parts: pain intensity, patient personal care, lifting, walking, sitting, standing, sleeping, social life, sex life and travelling. Each statement is scored from 0 to 5 with higher scores demonstrating more disability. The questionnaire was prepared and delivered electronically as ten multiple choice questions on the prepared assessment google forms. Patients were asked to choose the part that most closely describes how they feel today. | 12 weeks |
| Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia | Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) was used. Which is a reliable 17-item scale to measure fear of movement and injury in patients with CNLBP. Each item ranges from 1 to 4 points, with 1 point for "total disagree," to 4 points for "total agree". The total score of the scale ranges from 17- 68, where 17 means no kinesiophobia, 68 means severe kinesiophobia, and score ± 37 indicates there is kinesiophobia | 12 weeks |
| SF-12 Health Questionnaire | SF-12 Health Questionnaire was used. Which is a questionnaire that measures the quality of life, by assessing the impact of health on everyday activities. It uses the same eight domains as the SF-36: limitations in physical activities because of health problems, limitations in social activities because of physical or emotional problems, limitations in usual role activities because of physical health problems, bodily pain, general mental health (psychological distress and well-being), limitations in usual role activities because of emotional problems, vitality (energy and fatigue), general health perceptions. The questionnaire was prepared and delivered electronically as 12 multiple choice questions on the prepared assessment google forms. | 12 weeks |
| 31923778 | Background | Sipaviciene S, Kliziene I. Effect of different exercise programs on non-specific chronic low back pain and disability in people who perform sedentary work. Clin Biomech (Bristol). 2020 Mar;73:17-27. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.12.028. Epub 2020 Jan 3. |
| 34306274 | Background | In TS, Jung JH, Jung KS, Cho HY. Effects of the Multidimensional Treatment on Pain, Disability, and Sitting Posture in Patients with Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pain Res Manag. 2021 Jun 30;2021:5581491. doi: 10.1155/2021/5581491. eCollection 2021. |
| 29573870 | Background | Hartvigsen J, Hancock MJ, Kongsted A, Louw Q, Ferreira ML, Genevay S, Hoy D, Karppinen J, Pransky G, Sieper J, Smeets RJ, Underwood M; Lancet Low Back Pain Series Working Group. What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention. Lancet. 2018 Jun 9;391(10137):2356-2367. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30480-X. Epub 2018 Mar 21. |
| 33218502 | Background | Narouei S, Barati AH, Akuzawa H, Talebian S, Ghiasi F, Akbari A, Alizadeh MH. Effects of core stabilization exercises on thickness and activity of trunk and hip muscles in subjects with nonspecific chronic low back pain. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2020 Oct;24(4):138-146. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.06.026. Epub 2020 Jul 30. |
| 25637146 | Background | Zhang Y, Tang S, Chen G, Liu Y. Chinese massage combined with core stability exercises for nonspecific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. 2015 Feb;23(1):1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2014.12.005. Epub 2015 Jan 3. |
| 19056854 | Background | Macedo LG, Maher CG, Latimer J, McAuley JH. Motor control exercise for persistent, nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review. Phys Ther. 2009 Jan;89(1):9-25. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20080103. Epub 2008 Dec 4. |
| 26742533 | Background | Saragiotto BT, Maher CG, Yamato TP, Costa LO, Menezes Costa LC, Ostelo RW, Macedo LG. Motor control exercise for chronic non-specific low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jan 8;2016(1):CD012004. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012004. |
| 19242624 | Background | Paatelma M, Kilpikoski S, Simonen R, Heinonen A, Alen M, Videman T. Orthopaedic manual therapy, McKenzie method or advice only for low back pain in working adults: a randomized controlled trial with one year follow-up. J Rehabil Med. 2008 Nov;40(10):858-63. doi: 10.2340/16501977-0262. |