Effects of Active Video Games on Physical Activity, Mental Health, and Body Composition Among Overweight and Obese College Students in China
Effects of Active Video Games on Physical Activity, Mental Health, and Body Composition Among Overweight and Obese College Students in China
Globally, overweight and obesity have become a major health concern and are present at all ages in both developed and developing countries. Sedentary lifestyle habits lead to reduced physical activity, which reduces energy expenditure, and this, combined with excessive energy intake, increases the risk of obesity. Lack of exercise combined with a sedentary lifestyle can exacerbate obesity and chronic disease. Among all obese people, the number of obese college students shows a growing trend. Obesity among college students not only leads to impaired physical health, but may also lead to discrimination, low self-confidence and self-efficacy, and even depression. Although traditional exercise methods can help college students with weight management, many college students do not enjoy these traditional physical activities. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a new form of exercise that is different from traditional exercise to get college students moving. Thus, obtaining the recommended level of physical activity.
With the progress of information technology and the popularity of electronic devices, the frequency of college students using computers and mobile phones has increased. Taking advantage of college students' interest in screen games, it is a new way to control sedentary behaviours and obesity by converting static screen usage time into dynamic screen usage time. Active video games (AVGs) are a new type of video games, which require players to complete the game by interacting with the images on the screen through upper limb, lower limb, and whole-body movements. Studies have shown that playing active video games produces more energy expenditure and physical activity than sedentary video games (static games).
The variety of research on AVGs is promising, but the population of participants in the studies has been mostly children and adolescents. The college student population, with a high prevalence of overweight and obesity, has a high prevalence of screen time. It is especially important to intervene with overweight and obese college students using AVG to shift their interest from screens to exercise, thereby increasing physical activity intensity. Therefore, this paper will systematically investigate the effects of AVGs on physical activity, mental health, and body composition of overweight and obese college students in China.
To assess the effectiveness of AVG as an intervention modality, overweight and obese college students participating in this study are randomly assigned to two groups (experimental and control). The experimental group uses AVG as an intervention modality and the control group does not. Specifically, the experimental group uses Switch (OLED version), a Japanese console from Nintendo, with the game Fitness Ring Adventure for the intervention. The control group did not undergo the intervention and only followed their previous accustomed lifestyle in their daily lives. The total length of the experiment was 12 weeks and the intervention was conducted three times a week for one hour each time for the experimental group. The independent variable in this study was the AVG intervention; the dependent variables were physical activity, mental health, and body composition. Based on learning and summarising the research design of quantitative studies, the current study measured the dependent variable three times during the intervention period, including pre-test (pre-intervention), post-test1 (post-intervention week 6), and post-test2 (post-intervention week 12). The results of the three measurements of the dependent variable were collected, collated, and analyzed.
Physical activity is measured by calculating the number of steps using a pedometer (Yamax CW-700). Depression, stress, and anxiety were measured using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) questionnaire, which consists of three self-reported scales designed to measure negative mood states such as depression, anxiety, and stress. Each of the three scales consists of 14 items with scores ranging from 0 to 42. The higher the total score, the greater the severity of the corresponding psychological problem. Previous studies have confirmed the validity of the depression, anxiety, and stress scales at 0.96, 0.89, and 0.93, respectively. Perceived need satisfaction was scored based on a revised 8-item statement using a 7-point Likert scale. Where 1 is (strongly disagree), 2 is (disagree), 3 is (fairly disagree), 4 is (unknown), 5 is (fairly agree), 6 is (agree), and 7 is (strongly agree). For example, "I felt camaraderie while playing this game", "I felt supported by the characters in the game" and "I really liked the characters I interacted with in this game". The scale has been validated with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.90. Subjects' enjoyment while participating in the experiment was measured using The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). The PACES is a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 7 (Strongly Agree) containing 16 declarative total scores ranging typically from 16 to 112, with higher scores indicating that the individual enjoys their physical activity The higher the score, the greater the enjoyment of the individual in physical activity. This scale has been validated in past studies and its Cronbach's alpha values were 0.88. Self-efficacy was measured by the Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), which has 10 items and uses a 4-point Likert scale to measure the total score; the higher the score, the stronger the subject's self-efficacy. Exercise motivation was measured by Exercise Motivation Inventory-2 (EMI-2). The EMI-2 scale consists of 51 items, each of which is measured on a 6-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all true for me) to 5 (very true for me), with higher scores indicating stronger exercise motivation. The variables to be measured for body composition were weight and body fat percentage. weight was measured using scales, BMI was calculated using a formula, body fat percentage was measured using bioelectrical impedance (BIA), and waist-to-hip ratio was measured using an accurate tape measure.
Before the training was conducted, all the people in the experimental group were explained, mainly including the registration of the account, the login of the game, and the explanation of the operation process. There are 23 levels in the game, each with different tasks and scenarios, requiring players to run, jump, and stretch to help the character reach the end and defeat the monsters for rewards. The experiment lasted 12 weeks, with three 1-hour interventions per week. For each intervention in weeks 1-6 of the experiment, a 20-minute warm-up (based on an animated cue before the official game) was performed, followed by 40 minutes of gameplay. For weeks 7-12 of the experiment, a 10-minute warm-up was performed followed by 50 minutes of gameplay.
Week 1: Firstly, register the Nintendo game account. After logging in, the origins of AVG games, and the gameplay and game modes of AVGs used in this experiment were introduced. Then the height, weight, and heart rate of the subjects were noted through the function that comes with the game. Then initially learned how to follow the virtual NPC on the TV screen for stretching operations and warm-up, and familiarised myself with the application and wearing of the fitness ring.
Week 2: Warm up according to the prompts of the game before each start. The warm-up included push and pull fitness rings, deep squats, stretching exercises, and free combination exercises. The warm-up time for each session was 20 minutes and the remaining 40 minutes were spent playing the game. The goal was set to two levels before each intervention. If the pass is completed you can continue to repeat the game for levels 1-2. In the second week subjects played levels 1-2.
Week 3: Followed the prompts of the AVG game to warm up and stretch before entering the formal game, this week performing levels 3-4.
Week 4: Follow the prompts of the AVG game for a warm-up and stretching then enter the formal game, play levels 5-6 this week.
Week 5: Follow the tips of the AVG game to warm up and stretch before moving on to the official game, playing levels 7-8 this week.
Week 6: Follow the tips of the AVG game to warm up and stretch before moving on to the official game, playing levels 9-10 this week. After the sixth week of testing, the first six weeks of play were reviewed and a speed play competition was held. Subjects were timed on how fast they could start 1-2 levels at a time. The shortest time was awarded.
Week 7: Follow the tips of the AVG game to warm up and stretch before moving on to the official game, playing levels 11-12 this week. From week 7 onwards, each intervention consisted of a 10-minute warm-up followed by 50 minutes of gameplay.
Week 8: Follow the tips of the AVG game for warm-up and stretching and then move on to the official game, playing levels 13-14 this week.
Week 9: Follow the tips of the AVG game to warm up and stretch and then move on to the official game, playing levels 15-16 this week.
Week 10: Follow the AVG game prompts to warm up and stretch before moving on to the official game, playing levels 17-18 this week.
Week 11: Follow the tips of the AVG game to warm up and stretch and then move on to the official game, playing levels 19-20 this week.
Week 12: Follow the tips of the AVG game to warm up and stretch before moving on to the official game, playing levels 21-23 this week. A review of all the games in the Fitness Ring Adventure. A competition in the monster-fighting mode is also held, requiring all subjects to defeat the monster of the difficult level in the shortest time. The person with the shortest time will receive a reward.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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