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Inactivity was reported to be high in children and considered to be the fourth common cause of death in all ages. The reason for children is usually the increasing indoor use of sedentary screen time. Active Video Games (AVG) have recently been introduced for decreasing the sedentary time for children and directing them to physical activity (PA) at home.The aim of this study is to show the quantitative effect of games on physical fitness parameters like weight, body mass index (BMI) and fat ratio (FR). The study also aims at the factors for motivation or continuance of the games as self-perception and enjoyment levels together with qualitative effects of games on satisfaction and attitude changes in inactive children.
Research related a causal association between inactivity, low esteem, and excess weight for children. For this reason, academic performance decreases and obesity associated diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart diseases, depression, and cancer might ensue. Children usually do not prefer to perform outdoor PA due to several causes including low sense of self perception.
So far studies have shown an almost equivalent energy spent through AVGs to the physical activity of moderate intensity. Games have been previously demonstrated to prevent excess weight. There were no studies of AVG in children with varying weights, inactivity and technology preoccupation. Similarly, no qualitative research of AVG in children exploring enjoyment levels and attitude changes were encountered.
Thus, the investigators aim to find the quantitative effect of AVG on physical fitness parameters like weight, BMI and FR. Other aims are studying factors for motivation or continuance of the games as well as the feelings and perspectives of the participant children's parents for the games.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | No Intervention | Physically inactive children who did not play AVGs. | |
| Intervention Group | Experimental | Physically inactive children who played alternately Nintendo Wii® active video games for 50-60 min, 3 days a week, 12 weeks, in laboratory environment. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active Video Games | Other | Nintendo Wii® AVGs from sports, balance, aerobics, resort and training categories. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Weight in Kilograms | Weight measured to the nearest 0.01 kg by Seca 767 scale. The first before the games, the second after the games. | Baseline, 12 weeks |
| Weight z Score | Weight measured to the nearest 0.01 kg by Seca 767 scale. Z scores were calculated using national data for Turkish children. The first before the games, the second after the games. Positive z-scores indicates the number of standard deviations of the child above the mean of the population of the same age, whereas negative z-scores indicates the number of standard deviations of the child below the mean of the population of the same age. | Baseline, 12 weeks |
| BMI Calculated as "Weight (kg) / Height (m^2)" | Body Mass Index calculation of both groups before the games and after the games. | Baseline, 12 weeks |
| BMI z Score | Weight and height were measured to the nearest 0.01 kg (Seca 767) and 0.1 cm (Seca 220). BMI Z-scores were calculated using national data for Turkish children derived from values obtained from calculations with Quetelet index. The first before the games, the second after the games. Positive BMI z-scores indicates the number of standard deviations of the child above the mean of the population of the same age, whereas negative z-scores indicates the number of standard deviations of the child below the mean of the population of the same age. | Baseline, 12 weeks |
| Body Fat Percentage as Determined by Siri Formula From Skinfold Thicknesses | The biceps, triceps, suprailiac and subscapular regions skinfold thicknesses were measured by Holtain caliper at the beginning of and after the games. Durnin-Womersley formula was used to calculate body densities. Then fat ratio of whole body was derived from the Siri equation by integrating body densities obtained by Durnin-Womersley formula. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Visual Reaction Times of Dominant Hand by Newtest 1000 Timer | Determination of visual reaction times after games in intervention groups, and control groups. First before the games, second after the games. | Baseline, 12 weeks |
| Visual Reaction Times of Non-dominant Hand by Newtest 1000 Timer |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Dilsad Coknaz | Abant Izzet Baysal University | Principal Investigator |
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 22818941 | Background | Kohl HW 3rd, Craig CL, Lambert EV, Inoue S, Alkandari JR, Leetongin G, Kahlmeier S; Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for public health. Lancet. 2012 Jul 21;380(9838):294-305. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60898-8. | |
| 23798298 | Background | Booth FW, Roberts CK, Laye MJ. Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases. Compr Physiol. 2012 Apr;2(2):1143-211. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c110025. |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health | View source |
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The discrepancy between the enrolled (918) and assigned (n=106) numbers of children could be attributed to strict "inclusion" and "exclusion" criteria, and particularly to dropped out children due to technological preoocupation and physical inactivity as well as problems interfering physical activity and self-perception.
Four primary public schools among 14 in the central schools of Bolu region were randomly selected. In January to February of year 2013, all children (n=1300) from grades III,IV,V and VI were given froms for participation.Children positively responded to informed consent forms (n=918) were accepted as eligible for the study.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Control Group | Physically inactive children who did not play AVGs. |
| FG001 | Intervention Group | Physically inactive children who played alternately Nintendo Wii® active video games for 50-60 min, 3 days a week, 12 weeks, in laboratory environment. Active Video Games: Nintendo Wii® AVGs from sports, balance, aerobics, resort and training categories. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
Techologically preoccupation and low physical activity
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Control Group | Physically inactive children who did not play AVGs. |
| BG001 | Intervention Group | Physically inactive children who played alternately Nintendo Wii® active video games for 50-60 min, 3 days a week, 12 weeks, in laboratory environment. Active Video Games: Nintendo Wii® AVGs from sports, balance, aerobics, resort and training categories. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Weight in Kilograms | Weight measured to the nearest 0.01 kg by Seca 767 scale. The first before the games, the second after the games. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | kg | Baseline, 12 weeks |
|
12 weeks
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Control Group | Physically inactive children who did not play AVGs. |
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Conforming strictly to the rules of CONSORT extension for such "well controlled" studies when clustering with huge numbers of clusters without the risk of contamination might be impossible and unnecessary in small research areas like the city, Bolu.
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Halil Ibrahim Atasoy | Abant Izzet Baysal University | 90 532 599 89 53 | halilibrahimatasoy@gmail.com |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001835 | Body Weight |
| D009765 | Obesity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
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| Baseline, 12 weeks |
| Baseline, 12 weeks |
| Auditory Reaction Time of Dominant Hand by Newtest 1000 Timer | Baseline, 12 weeks |
| Auditory Reaction Time of Non-dominant Hand by Newtest 1000 Timer | Baseline, 12 weeks |
| Self-Perception of Sports Competence Assessed by Children and Youth Physical Self-perception Profile (CY-PSPP) | The scale "Children and Youth Physical Self Perception Profile (CY-PSPP)" assessed the children's self-percetion about sports competence subscale in both groups at the beginning and at the end of protocol. The subscale was assessed by 6 questions with four ordinal levels (1-4) of response. Minimum and maximum total scores change between 6 to 24 for the subscale. Higher scores mean a better score. | Baseline, 12 weeks |
| Self-perception of Physical Condition Competence Assessed by Children and Youth Physical Self-perception Profile (CY-PSPP) | The scale "Children and Youth Physical Self Perception Profile (CY-PSPP)" assessed the children's self-percetion about physical condition competence subscale in both groups at the beginning and at the end of protocol. The subscale was assessed by 6 questions with four ordinal levels (1-4) of response. Minimum and maximum total scores change between 6 to 24 for the subscale. Higher scores mean a better score. | Baseline, 12 weeks |
| Self-perception of Strength Competence Assessed by Children and Youth Physical Self-perception Profile (CY-PSPP) | The scale "Children and Youth Physical Self Perception Profile (CY-PSPP)" assessed the children's self-percetion about strength competence subscale in both groups at the beginning and at the end of protocol. The subscale was assessed by 6 questions with four ordinal levels (1-4) of response. Minimum and maximum total scores change between 6 to 24 for the subscale. Higher scores mean a better score. | Baseline, 12 weeks |
| Self-perception of Body Attractiveness Assessed by Children and Youth Physical Self-perception Profile (CY-PSPP) | The scale "Children and Youth Physical Self Perception Profile (CY-PSPP)" assessed the children's self-percetion about body attractiveness subscale in both groups at the beginning and at the end of protocol. The subscale was assessed by 6 questions with four ordinal levels (1-4) of response. Minimum and maximum total scores change between 6 to 24 for the subscale. Higher scores mean a better score. | Baseline, 12 weeks |
| Self-perception of Global Physical Self-worth Assessed by Children and Youth Physical Self-perception Profile (CY-PSPP) | The scale "Children and Youth Physical Self Perception Profile (CY-PSPP)" assessed the children's self-percetion about physical self-worth subscale in both groups at the beginning and at the end of protocol. The subscale was assessed by 6 questions with four ordinal levels (1-4) of response. Minimum and maximum total scores change between 6 to 24 for the subscale. Higher scores mean a better score. | Baseline, 12 weeks |
| Self-perception of Global Self-worth Assessed by Children and Youth Physical Self-perception Profile (CY-PSPP) | The scale "Children and Youth Physical Self Perception Profile (CY-PSPP)" assessed the children's self-percetion about global self-worth subscale in both groups at the beginning and at the end of protocol. The subscale was assessed by 6 questions with four ordinal levels (1-4) of response. Minimum and maximum total scores change between 6 to 24 for the subscale. Higher scores mean a better score. | Baseline, 12 weeks |
| Enjoyment Levels of Genders From Sports Category in the Game Group by Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES-SF) | For Sports category, there were 5 games of boxing, tennis, golf, baseball, and bowling. Thus, each child was evaluated after every single game by five bipolar scale questions. Questions 1 and 4 were starting from positive to negative answers (left to right) and scored as 7-1. Scale scores were determined by calculating the mean. All scale scores were summed to calculate the Category score. The higher the score, the better the enjoyment in this category. Min-Max Sports Category scores were 11-25 for females and 17.8-26.2 for males. | After every game during 12 weeks |
| Enjoyment Levels of Genders From Resort Category in the Game Group by Physical Activity | For Resort category, there were 8 games of jet-skiing, water skiing, table tennis, basketball, swordplay, archery, canoeing and frisbee. Thus, each child was evaluated after every single game by five bipolar scale questions. Questions 1 and 4 were starting from positive to negative answers (left to right) and therefore scored as 7-1. Scale scores were determined by calculating the mean. All scale scores were summed to calculate the Category score. The higher the score, the better the enjoyment in this category. Min-Max Resort Category scores were 23.2-37 for females and 25.8-37.8 for males. | After every game during 12 weeks |
| Enjoyment Levels by Physical Activity of Genders From Balance Category in the Game Group | For Balance category, there were 5 games of ski slalom, heading ball, balance bubble, ski jumping and penguin playing. Thus, each child was evaluated after every single game by five bipolar scale questions. Questions 1 and 4 were starting from positive to negative answers (left to right) and therefore scored as 7-1. Scale scores were determined by calculating the mean. All scale scores were summed to calculate the Category score. The higher the score, the better the enjoyment in this category. Min-Max Balance Category scores were 14.4-23.2 for females and 15-26.6 for males. | After every game during 12 weeks |
| Enjoyment Levels by Physical Activity of Genders From Aerobic Category in the Game Group | For Aerobics category, there were 5 games of rhytmic boxing, hula-hoop, cycling, step, and run. Thus, each child was evaluated after every single game by five bipolar scale questions. Questions 1 and 4 were starting from positive to negative answers (left to right) and therefore scored as 7-1. Scale scores were determined by calculating the mean. All scale scores were summed to calculate the Category score. The higher the score, the better the enjoyment in this category. Min-Max Aerobics Category scores were 17.8-24 for females and 14.4-26.4 for males. | After every game during 12 weeks |
| Enjoyment Levels by Physical Activity of Genders From Training Category in the Game Group | For Training category, there were 9 games of rhythm kung fu, snowball, turning ball, Segway circuit, perfect 10, skateboard, major, obstacle course and bicycle. Thus, each child was evaluated after every single game by five bipolar scale questions. Questions 1 and 4 were starting from positive to negative answers (left to right) and therefore scored as 7-1. Scale scores were determined by calculating the mean. All scale scores were summed to calculate the Category score. The higher the score, the better the enjoyment in this category. Min-Max Training Category scores were 31.6-41.8 for females and 29.2-45.2 for males. | After every game during 12 weeks |
| 19450288 | Background | Maddison R, Foley L, Mhurchu CN, Jull A, Jiang Y, Prapavessis H, Rodgers A, Vander Hoorn S, Hohepa M, Schaaf D. Feasibility, design and conduct of a pragmatic randomized controlled trial to reduce overweight and obesity in children: The electronic games to aid motivation to exercise (eGAME) study. BMC Public Health. 2009 May 19;9:146. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-146. |
| 18607378 | Background | Martins C, Morgan L, Truby H. A review of the effects of exercise on appetite regulation: an obesity perspective. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008 Sep;32(9):1337-47. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2008.98. Epub 2008 Jul 8. |
| 31471690 | Derived | Coknaz D, Mirzeoglu AD, Atasoy HI, Alkoy S, Coknaz H, Goral K. A digital movement in the world of inactive children: favourable outcomes of playing active video games in a pilot randomized trial. Eur J Pediatr. 2019 Oct;178(10):1567-1576. doi: 10.1007/s00431-019-03457-x. Epub 2019 Aug 30. |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| Techonology pre-occupation and physical inactivity | "Technology preoccupied" children were determined if children were using the computer for activities other than homework, for at least 7 h or more in a week, watching television for 3 h or more in a day, playing video games for 5 h or more in a week in addition to the parental definition of the children as preoccupied with technology. Similarly, "physically inactive" children were defined as having activity scores less than 1.56 by Ekelund Criteria. Activity scores were calculated by dividing daily energy consumptions by basal metabolic rates described previously methods. | Number | participants |
|
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| Primary | Weight z Score | Weight measured to the nearest 0.01 kg by Seca 767 scale. Z scores were calculated using national data for Turkish children. The first before the games, the second after the games. Positive z-scores indicates the number of standard deviations of the child above the mean of the population of the same age, whereas negative z-scores indicates the number of standard deviations of the child below the mean of the population of the same age. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Baseline, 12 weeks |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | BMI Calculated as "Weight (kg) / Height (m^2)" | Body Mass Index calculation of both groups before the games and after the games. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | kg/ m^2 | Baseline, 12 weeks |
|
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|
|
| Primary | BMI z Score | Weight and height were measured to the nearest 0.01 kg (Seca 767) and 0.1 cm (Seca 220). BMI Z-scores were calculated using national data for Turkish children derived from values obtained from calculations with Quetelet index. The first before the games, the second after the games. Positive BMI z-scores indicates the number of standard deviations of the child above the mean of the population of the same age, whereas negative z-scores indicates the number of standard deviations of the child below the mean of the population of the same age. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Baseline, 12 weeks |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | Body Fat Percentage as Determined by Siri Formula From Skinfold Thicknesses | The biceps, triceps, suprailiac and subscapular regions skinfold thicknesses were measured by Holtain caliper at the beginning of and after the games. Durnin-Womersley formula was used to calculate body densities. Then fat ratio of whole body was derived from the Siri equation by integrating body densities obtained by Durnin-Womersley formula. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | percentage of fat | Baseline, 12 weeks |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Visual Reaction Times of Dominant Hand by Newtest 1000 Timer | Determination of visual reaction times after games in intervention groups, and control groups. First before the games, second after the games. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | seconds | Baseline, 12 weeks |
|
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|
|
| Secondary | Visual Reaction Times of Non-dominant Hand by Newtest 1000 Timer | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | seconds | Baseline, 12 weeks |
|
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| Secondary | Auditory Reaction Time of Dominant Hand by Newtest 1000 Timer | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | seconds | Baseline, 12 weeks |
|
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| Secondary | Auditory Reaction Time of Non-dominant Hand by Newtest 1000 Timer | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | seconds | Baseline, 12 weeks |
|
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|
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| Secondary | Self-Perception of Sports Competence Assessed by Children and Youth Physical Self-perception Profile (CY-PSPP) | The scale "Children and Youth Physical Self Perception Profile (CY-PSPP)" assessed the children's self-percetion about sports competence subscale in both groups at the beginning and at the end of protocol. The subscale was assessed by 6 questions with four ordinal levels (1-4) of response. Minimum and maximum total scores change between 6 to 24 for the subscale. Higher scores mean a better score. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Baseline, 12 weeks |
|
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|
|
| Secondary | Self-perception of Physical Condition Competence Assessed by Children and Youth Physical Self-perception Profile (CY-PSPP) | The scale "Children and Youth Physical Self Perception Profile (CY-PSPP)" assessed the children's self-percetion about physical condition competence subscale in both groups at the beginning and at the end of protocol. The subscale was assessed by 6 questions with four ordinal levels (1-4) of response. Minimum and maximum total scores change between 6 to 24 for the subscale. Higher scores mean a better score. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Baseline, 12 weeks |
|
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| Secondary | Self-perception of Strength Competence Assessed by Children and Youth Physical Self-perception Profile (CY-PSPP) | The scale "Children and Youth Physical Self Perception Profile (CY-PSPP)" assessed the children's self-percetion about strength competence subscale in both groups at the beginning and at the end of protocol. The subscale was assessed by 6 questions with four ordinal levels (1-4) of response. Minimum and maximum total scores change between 6 to 24 for the subscale. Higher scores mean a better score. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Baseline, 12 weeks |
|
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| Secondary | Self-perception of Body Attractiveness Assessed by Children and Youth Physical Self-perception Profile (CY-PSPP) | The scale "Children and Youth Physical Self Perception Profile (CY-PSPP)" assessed the children's self-percetion about body attractiveness subscale in both groups at the beginning and at the end of protocol. The subscale was assessed by 6 questions with four ordinal levels (1-4) of response. Minimum and maximum total scores change between 6 to 24 for the subscale. Higher scores mean a better score. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Baseline, 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Self-perception of Global Physical Self-worth Assessed by Children and Youth Physical Self-perception Profile (CY-PSPP) | The scale "Children and Youth Physical Self Perception Profile (CY-PSPP)" assessed the children's self-percetion about physical self-worth subscale in both groups at the beginning and at the end of protocol. The subscale was assessed by 6 questions with four ordinal levels (1-4) of response. Minimum and maximum total scores change between 6 to 24 for the subscale. Higher scores mean a better score. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Baseline, 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Self-perception of Global Self-worth Assessed by Children and Youth Physical Self-perception Profile (CY-PSPP) | The scale "Children and Youth Physical Self Perception Profile (CY-PSPP)" assessed the children's self-percetion about global self-worth subscale in both groups at the beginning and at the end of protocol. The subscale was assessed by 6 questions with four ordinal levels (1-4) of response. Minimum and maximum total scores change between 6 to 24 for the subscale. Higher scores mean a better score. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Baseline, 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Enjoyment Levels of Genders From Sports Category in the Game Group by Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES-SF) | For Sports category, there were 5 games of boxing, tennis, golf, baseball, and bowling. Thus, each child was evaluated after every single game by five bipolar scale questions. Questions 1 and 4 were starting from positive to negative answers (left to right) and scored as 7-1. Scale scores were determined by calculating the mean. All scale scores were summed to calculate the Category score. The higher the score, the better the enjoyment in this category. Min-Max Sports Category scores were 11-25 for females and 17.8-26.2 for males. | Enjoyment levels only in the intervention group were assessed since control group did not play the games of interest. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | After every game during 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Enjoyment Levels of Genders From Resort Category in the Game Group by Physical Activity | For Resort category, there were 8 games of jet-skiing, water skiing, table tennis, basketball, swordplay, archery, canoeing and frisbee. Thus, each child was evaluated after every single game by five bipolar scale questions. Questions 1 and 4 were starting from positive to negative answers (left to right) and therefore scored as 7-1. Scale scores were determined by calculating the mean. All scale scores were summed to calculate the Category score. The higher the score, the better the enjoyment in this category. Min-Max Resort Category scores were 23.2-37 for females and 25.8-37.8 for males. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | After every game during 12 weeks |
|
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| Secondary | Enjoyment Levels by Physical Activity of Genders From Balance Category in the Game Group | For Balance category, there were 5 games of ski slalom, heading ball, balance bubble, ski jumping and penguin playing. Thus, each child was evaluated after every single game by five bipolar scale questions. Questions 1 and 4 were starting from positive to negative answers (left to right) and therefore scored as 7-1. Scale scores were determined by calculating the mean. All scale scores were summed to calculate the Category score. The higher the score, the better the enjoyment in this category. Min-Max Balance Category scores were 14.4-23.2 for females and 15-26.6 for males. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | After every game during 12 weeks |
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| Secondary | Enjoyment Levels by Physical Activity of Genders From Aerobic Category in the Game Group | For Aerobics category, there were 5 games of rhytmic boxing, hula-hoop, cycling, step, and run. Thus, each child was evaluated after every single game by five bipolar scale questions. Questions 1 and 4 were starting from positive to negative answers (left to right) and therefore scored as 7-1. Scale scores were determined by calculating the mean. All scale scores were summed to calculate the Category score. The higher the score, the better the enjoyment in this category. Min-Max Aerobics Category scores were 17.8-24 for females and 14.4-26.4 for males. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | After every game during 12 weeks |
|
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| Secondary | Enjoyment Levels by Physical Activity of Genders From Training Category in the Game Group | For Training category, there were 9 games of rhythm kung fu, snowball, turning ball, Segway circuit, perfect 10, skateboard, major, obstacle course and bicycle. Thus, each child was evaluated after every single game by five bipolar scale questions. Questions 1 and 4 were starting from positive to negative answers (left to right) and therefore scored as 7-1. Scale scores were determined by calculating the mean. All scale scores were summed to calculate the Category score. The higher the score, the better the enjoyment in this category. Min-Max Training Category scores were 31.6-41.8 for females and 29.2-45.2 for males. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | After every game during 12 weeks |
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| 0 |
| 53 |
| 0 |
| 53 |
| EG001 | Intervention Group | Physically inactive children who played alternately Nintendo Wii® active video games for 50-60 min, 3 days a week, 12 weeks, in laboratory environment. Active Video Games: Nintendo Wii® AVGs from sports, balance, aerobics, resort and training categories. | 0 | 53 | 0 | 53 |
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| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable weight z score. |
| Linear mixed effects model |
Adjusted for cluster effect in addition to baseline value and age. |
| 0.002 |
Linear mixed-effects model fit by maximum likelihood since restricted maximum likelihood assumes a strong normality. |
| Superiority |
| Linear mixed-effects model fit by maximum likelihood since restricted maximum likelihood assumes a strong normality. Adjusted by Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom correction method for cluster effect, and small sample sizes in addition to baseline value and age. | Linear mixed effects model | Adjusted by Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom method for cluster effect, and small sample sizes in addition to baseline value and age. | 0.00386 | Linear mixed-effects model fit by maximum likelihood since restricted maximum likelihood assumes a strong normality. | Superiority |
Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable body mass index. |
| Linear mixed effects model |
Satterthwaite's correction method for denominator degrees of freedom. |
| 0.00000306 |
Linear mixed-effects model fit by maximum likelihood since restricted maximum likelihood assumes a strong normality. Adjusted for cluster effect, and small sample sizes, baseline value and age. |
| Superiority |
| Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable body mass index. | Linear mixed effects model | Adjusted by Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom method for cluster effect, and small sample sizes in addition to baseline value and age. | 0.00000367 | Linear mixed-effects model fit by maximum likelihood since restricted maximum likelihood assumes a strong normality. | Superiority |
Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable body mass index z score. |
| Linear mixed effects model |
Adjusted for cluster effect in addition to baseline value and age. |
| 0.0001402 |
Linear mixed-effects model fit by maximum likelihood since restricted maximum likelihood assumes a strong normality. |
| Superiority |
| Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable body index z score. | Linear mixed-effects model | Adjusted by Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom method for cluster effect, and small sample sizes in addition to baseline value and age. | 0.000235 | Linear mixed-effects model fit by maximum likelihood since restricted maximum likelihood assumes a strong normality. | Superiority |
|
Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable fat ratio. |
| Linear mixed-effects model |
Adjusted for cluster effect in addition to baseline value and age. |
| 0.220 |
Linear mixed-effects model fit by maximum likelihood since restricted maximum likelihood assumes a strong normality. |
| Superiority |
| Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable fat ratio. | Linear mixed effects model | Adjusted by Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom method for cluster effect, and small sample sizes in addition to baseline value and age. | 0.250006 | Linear mixed-effects model fit by maximum likelihood since restricted maximum likelihood assumes a strong normality. | Superiority |
The outcome of visual reaction time was tested for any difference between groups by linear mixed-effects model analysis. |
| Linear mixed-effects model |
Adjusted for cluster effect in addition to baseline value and age. |
| 0.00001196 |
Linear mixed-effects model fit by maximum likelihood since restricted maximum likelihood assumes a strong normality. |
| Superiority |
Adjusted for the weight at baseline and confounding variable age. |
| Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable visual reaction time. | Linear mixed-effects model | Adjusted by Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom method for cluster effect, and small sample sizes in addition to baseline value and age. | 0.0000282 | Linear mixed-effects model fit by maximum likelihood since restricted maximum likelihood assumes a strong normality. | Superiority |
|
Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable visual reaction time of non-dominant hand. |
| Linear mixed-effects model |
Adjusted for cluster effect in addition to baseline value and age. |
| 0.00000009 |
Linear mixed-effects model fit by maximum likelihood since restricted maximum likelihood assumes a strong normality. |
| Superiority |
| Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable visual reaction time of non-dominant hand. | Linear mixed-effects model | Adjusted by Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom method for cluster effect, and small sample sizes in addition to baseline value and age. | 000000055 | Linear mixed-effects model fit by maximum likelihood since restricted maximum likelihood assumes a strong normality. | Superiority |
| Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable auditory reaction time of dominant hand. | Linear mixed-effects model | Adjusted for cluster effect in addition to baseline value and age. | 0.00001633 | The outcomes of auditory reaction time of dominant hand was tested for any difference between groups by linear mixed-effects analysis. | Superiority |
| Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable auditory reaction time of dominant hand. | Linear mixed-effects model | Adjusted by Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom method for cluster effect, and small sample sizes in addition to baseline value and age. | 0.0000367 | Linear mixed-effects model fit by maximum likelihood since restricted maximum likelihood assumes a strong normality. | Superiority |
| Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable auditory reaction time of non-dominant hand. | Linear mixed effects model | Adjusted for cluster effect in addition to baseline value and age. | 0.006 | Linear mixed-effects model fit by maximum likelihood since restricted maximum likelihood assumes a strong normality. | Superiority |
| Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable auditory reaction time of non-dominant hand. | Linear mixed-effects model | Adjusted by Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom method for cluster effect, and small sample sizes in addition to baseline value and age. | 0.006602 | Linear mixed-effects model fit by maximum likelihood since restricted maximum likelihood assumes a strong normality. | Superiority |
| The outcome of self-perception for sports competence was tested for any difference between groups by linear mixed-effects model analysis. | Linear mixed effects model | Adjusted for cluster effect in addition to baseline value and age. | 0.608 | Linear mixed-effects model fit by maximum likelihood since restricted maximum likelihood assumes a strong normality. | Superiority |
| Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable self-perception of sports competence. | Linear mixed-effects model | Adjusted by Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom method for cluster effect, and small sample sizes in addition to baseline value and age. | 0.60938 | The outcome of self-perception for sports competence was tested for any difference between groups by linear mixed-effects model analysis. | Superiority |
| Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable self-perception of physical condition competence. | Linear mixed effects model | Adjusted for cluster effect in addition to baseline value and age. | 0.085 | The outcome of self-perception for physical condition competence was tested for any difference between groups by linear mixed-effects model analysis. | Superiority |
| The outcome of self-perception for sports competence was tested for any difference between groups by linear mixed-effects model analysis. | Linear mixed-effects model | Adjusted by Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom method for cluster effect, and small sample sizes in addition to baseline value and age. | 0.08818 | Linear mixed-effects model fit by maximum likelihood since restricted maximum likelihood assumes a strong normality. | Superiority |
| Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable self-perception of strength competence. | Linear mixed effects model | Adjusted for cluster effect in addition to baseline value and age. | 0.051 | Linear mixed-effects model fit by maximum likelihood since restricted maximum likelihood assumes a strong normality. | Superiority |
| Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable self-perception of strength competence. | Linear mixed-effects model | Adjusted by Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom method for cluster effect, and small sample sizes in addition to baseline value and age. | 0.0534 | The outcome of self-perception for strength competence was tested for any difference between groups by linear mixed-effects model analysis. | Superiority |
| Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable self-perception of body attractiveness. | Linear mixed effects model | Adjusted for cluster effect in addition to baseline value and age. | 0.632 | Linear mixed-effects model fit by maximum likelihood since restricted maximum likelihood assumes a strong normality. | Superiority |
| Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable self-perception of body attractiveness. | Linear mixed-effects model | Adjusted by Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom method for cluster effect, and small sample sizes in addition to baseline value and age. | 0.63280 | Linear mixed-effects model fit by maximum likelihood since restricted maximum likelihood assumes a strong normality. | Superiority |
| Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable self-perception of global physical self-worth. | Linear mixed effects model | Adjusted by Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom method for cluster effect, and small sample sizes in addition to baseline value and age. | 0.005 | Linear mixed-effects model fit by maximum likelihood since restricted maximum likelihood assumes a strong normality. | Superiority |
| Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable self-perception of global physical self-worth. | Linear mixed-effects model | Adjusted by Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom method for cluster effect, and small sample sizes in addition to baseline value and age. | 0.00603 | Linear mixed-effects model fit by maximum likelihood since restricted maximum likelihood assumes a strong normality. | Superiority |
| Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable self-perception of global self-worth. | Linear mixed effects model | Adjusted by Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom method for cluster effect, and small sample sizes in addition to baseline value and age. | 0.002 | The outcome of self-perception for sports competence was tested for any difference between groups by linear mixed-effects model analysis. | Superiority |
| Null hypothesis was the absence of difference between the two groups for the dependent variable self-perception of global self-worth. | Linear mixed-effects model | Adjusted by Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom method for cluster effect, and small sample sizes in addition to baseline value and age. | 0.00238 | The outcome of self-perception for sports competence was tested for any difference between groups by linear mixed-effects model analysis. | Superiority |