LC-based debriefing session in one intervention group.

One facilitator conducted a 3D model-based debriefing session in the other intervention group.

One facilitator conducted a non-model-based unstructured debriefing session in the control group

LC-based debriefing encourages reflection by allowing learners to identify and explore topics of particular interest. The model is defined as a structured post-event LC, which is useful for improving competence, professional development, and clinical judgment among intensive care unit and trauma nurses. The model is useful not only for one recipient by allowing reflection on positive and negative experiences but also for the whole group by allowing them to make connections to their own practice that day or to previous experiences, supporting teamwork. It also helps them understand what good practice is by doing their own self-assessment with peers' benchmarking.

The criticical thinking knownledge test was also created by the researchers and comprised 10 questions about learning objectives and critical thinking, particularly regarding decision-making while performing elimination, nutritional, and respiratory activities of ICU patients.

A visual analog scale (0 = not at all satisfied, 10 = very satisfied), the participants were asked to rate their satisfaction.

The Debriefing Experience Scale consists of 20 items and is a 5-point Likert-type scale. It consists of two parts-experience with debriefing and importance of items-and four subscales-analyzing thoughts and feelings, learning and making connections, facilitator skill in conducting the debriefing, and appropriate facilitator guidance. A high score on the scale indicates increased gains from the debriefing experience