The purpose of the study was to evaluate whether individualized general anesthesia with target-controlled infusion could help patients wake up early for extubation and reduce the incidence of postoperative complications, and to investigate the effectiveness and safety of its application in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Inclusion Criteria:

• All patients aged 18 years and older who underwent cardiac surgery

Exclusion Criteria:

• Mechanical ventilation support before surgery;
• Combined with any type of non-cardiac surgeries;
• Second exploratory thoracotomy after surgery;
• Died or discharged within 48 h after surgery;
• Missing clinical data

Patients aged 18 years or olderundergoing cardiac surgery under general anesthesia