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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5R01DA049155-02 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) | NIH |
| Food and Drug Administration (FDA) | FED |
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The purpose of this trial is to determine whether a vaping prevention text message program reduces susceptibility to vaping among adolescents and young adults. This study addresses this issue by exposing participants to a vaping prevention text message program over a 28-day period in a randomized controlled trial with a matched attention control condition. A follow-up assessment is also made 4 weeks after the text messaging ends.
Tobacco prevention communication is a key tool for reducing tobacco use among adolescents and young adults. While the use of e-cigarettes and vaping has increased greatly among adolescents and young adults, there has been a dearth of research on effective communication strategies to reduce vaping. This study will test the impact of a text-messaging program on reducing susceptibility to vaping in a randomized controlled trial, illuminating whether such programs can be effective. The investigators focus on adolescents and young adults (ages 13-20) who currently vape or who are at risk of vaping.
Participants will be randomly assigned to receive either a vaping prevention text message program or a wellness text message program (control). Participants in the study will take 4 online surveys over an 8-week period - at Visit 1 (baseline), Visit 2 (2 weeks), Visit 3 (4 weeks), and Visit 4 (8 weeks).
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vaping prevention text messages | Experimental | Participants will receive text messages (2 daily, on average) about the harms of e-cigarette use and vaping for 28 days, with introductory messages sent on day 1 and concluding messages sent on day 28. |
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| Wellness behavior text messages | Active Comparator | Participants will receive text messages (2 daily, on average) about general wellness topics, with introductory messages sent on day 1 and concluding messages sent on day 28. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vaping prevention text messages | Behavioral | Participants will receive text messages (2 daily, on average) about the harms of e-cigarette use and vaping for 28 days, with introductory messages sent on day 1 and concluding messages sent on day 28. Each vaping prevention text message will focus on one of six topics: nicotine addiction, monetary costs of vaping, chemical exposures from e-cigarette vapor, cosmetic effects of vaping, mental and physical use symptoms of vaping, and health impact on organs from vaping. Some text messages will ask participants for a reply (i.e., two-way messages). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Mean Susceptibility to Vaping Score | The mean susceptibility to vaping score will be assessed using the questionnaire. Response options are on a 1 to 4 scale. Overall scale scores are determined by summing scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-4), with higher scores representing a greater susceptibility to vaping (a worse outcome). | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Mean Vaping Instrumental Attitudes Score | The mean vaping instrumental attitudes score will be assessed using the questionnaire. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scale scores are determined by summing scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores representing a belief that vaping is more beneficial, safe and healthy. | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Seth Noar, PhD | UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill | Chapel Hill | North Carolina | 27599 | United States |
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| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center Clinical Trials | View source |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Vaping Prevention Text Messages | Participants will receive text messages (2 daily, on average) about the harms of e-cigarette use and vaping for 28 days, with introductory messages sent on day 1 and concluding messages sent on day 28. Vaping prevention text messages: Participants will receive text messages (2 daily, on average) about the harms of e-cigarette use and vaping for 28 days, with introductory messages sent on day 1 and concluding messages sent on day 28. Each vaping prevention text message will focus on one of six topics: nicotine addiction, monetary costs of vaping, chemical exposures from e-cigarette vapor, cosmetic effects of vaping, mental and physical use symptoms of vaping, and health impact on organs from vaping. Some text messages will ask participants for a reply (i.e., two-way messages). |
| FG001 | Wellness Behavior Text Messages | Participants will receive text messages (2 daily, on average) about general wellness topics, with introductory messages sent on day 1 and concluding messages sent on day 28. Wellness behaviors text messages: Participants will receive text messages (2 daily, on average) about general wellness topics, with introductory messages sent on day 1 and concluding messages sent on day 28. Each wellness text message will focus on one of six topics: sleep hygiene, safe driving, sun safety, study habits, nutrition, and exercise. This attention control condition is matched with the intervention condition in that participants will receive the same number of text messages over the same number of days, the same intervention structure (e.g., 6 topics), and the same number and types of two-way messages. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Vaping Prevention Text Messages | Participants will receive text messages (2 daily, on average) about the harms of e-cigarette use and vaping for 28 days, with introductory messages sent on day 1 and concluding messages sent on day 28. Vaping prevention text messages: Participants will receive text messages (2 daily, on average) about the harms of e-cigarette use and vaping for 28 days, with introductory messages sent on day 1 and concluding messages sent on day 28. Each vaping prevention text message will focus on one of six topics: nicotine addiction, monetary costs of vaping, chemical exposures from e-cigarette vapor, cosmetic effects of vaping, mental and physical use symptoms of vaping, and health impact on organs from vaping. Some text messages will ask participants for a reply (i.e., two-way messages). |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
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| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Mean Susceptibility to Vaping Score | The mean susceptibility to vaping score will be assessed using the questionnaire. Response options are on a 1 to 4 scale. Overall scale scores are determined by summing scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-4), with higher scores representing a greater susceptibility to vaping (a worse outcome). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
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The protocol does not require Adverse Event Collections and/or All-Cause Mortality data. Adverse Events were not monitored/assessed. Therefore, the total Number of Participants at Risk (e.g., "All-Cause Mortality, Serious, and Other [Not Including Serious] was entered as "0".
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Vaping Prevention Text Messages | Participants will receive text messages (2 daily, on average) about the harms of e-cigarette use and vaping for 28 days, with introductory messages sent on day 1 and concluding messages sent on day 28. Vaping prevention text messages: Participants will receive text messages (2 daily, on average) about the harms of e-cigarette use and vaping for 28 days, with introductory messages sent on day 1 and concluding messages sent on day 28. Each vaping prevention text message will focus on one of six topics: nicotine addiction, monetary costs of vaping, chemical exposures from e-cigarette vapor, cosmetic effects of vaping, mental and physical use symptoms of vaping, and health impact on organs from vaping. Some text messages will ask participants for a reply (i.e., two-way messages). |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Seth M. Noar | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | 9192607269 | noar@unc.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot | Yes | No | No | Study Protocol | Jun 25, 2020 | Aug 5, 2025 | Prot_000.pdf |
| SAP | No | Yes | No | Statistical Analysis Plan | Jun 25, 2020 | Aug 5, 2025 | SAP_001.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D064424 | Tobacco Use |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| Wellness behaviors text messages | Behavioral | Participants will receive text messages (2 daily, on average) about general wellness topics, with introductory messages sent on day 1 and concluding messages sent on day 28. Each wellness text message will focus on one of six topics: sleep hygiene, safe driving, sun safety, study habits, nutrition, and exercise. This attention control condition is matched with the intervention condition in that participants will receive the same number of text messages over the same number of days, the same intervention structure (e.g., 6 topics), and the same number and types of two-way messages. |
|
| Mean Vaping Affective Attitudes Score | .The mean vaping affective attitudes score will be assessed using the questionnaire. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scale scores are determined by summing scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores representing a belief that vaping is more enjoyable, pleasant, and fun. | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
| Mean Vaping Addiction Risk Beliefs Score | The mean vaping addiction risk beliefs score will be assessed using the questionnaire. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scale scores are determined by summing scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores representing more tendency to addiction. | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
| Mean Vaping Monetary Cost Beliefs Score | The mean vaping monetary cost beliefs score will be assessed using the questionnaire. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scale scores are determined by summing scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores represents participants' believes that vaping is a costly activity. | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
| Mean Vaping Chemical Risk Beliefs Score | The mean vaping chemical risk beliefs score will be assessed using the questionnaire. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scale scores are determined by summing scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores representing participant's believes that e-cigarette vapor contains chemicals that pose health risks. | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
| Mean Vaping Cosmetic Risk Beliefs Score | The mean vaping cosmetic risk beliefs score will be assessed using the questionnaire. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scale scores are determined by summing scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores representing participant belief that use will harm their cosmetic appearance. | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
| Mean Vaping Health Symptoms Beliefs Score | The mean vaping physical symptoms of use beliefs score will be assessed using the questionnaire. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scale scores are determined by summing scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores represent participant believes that e-cigarette use will cause certain physical symptoms. | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
| Mean Vaping Mental Health Symptoms of Use Beliefs Score | The mean vaping mental health symptoms of use beliefs score will be assessed using the questionnaire. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scale scores are determined by summing scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores represent participant believes that e-cigarette use will cause or worsen mental health symptoms. | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
| Mean Vaping Health Organ Risk Beliefs Score | The mean vaping health organ risk beliefs score will be assessed using the questionnaire. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scale scores are determined by summing scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores representing participant believes that e-cigarette use will harm the health of certain organs. | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
| Mean Susceptibility to Smoking Cigarettes Score | The mean susceptibility to smoking cigarettes score will be assessed using the questionnaire. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scale scores are determined by summing scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores represent participant more open to smoking. | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
| Mean Smoking Instrumental Attitude Score | The 1-item mean smoking instrumental attitude measure assesses a participant's attitude toward smoking. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing a more harmful perception of smoking. | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
| Mean Smoking Affective Attitude Score | The 1-item mean smoking affective attitude measure assesses a participant's attitude toward smoking (unenjoyable/enjoyable). Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing a more enjoyable attitude toward smoking. | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
| Mean Smoking Addiction Risk Belief Score | The 1-item mean smoking addiction risk belief measure assesses the extent to which a participant believes that smoking will lead to addiction. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing beliefs that smoking will lead to addiction. | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
| Mean Smoking Health Harm Risk Belief Score | The 1-item mean smoking health harm risk belief measure assesses the extent to which a participant believes that smoking will lead to health harm. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing higher beliefs that smoking will cause to health harm. | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
| Mean Vaping Injunctive Norms Score | The 3-item mean vaping injunctive norms scale assesses a participant's perception of others' approval or disapproval of their vaping behavior. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scores are determined by summing the scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores representing a participant's perception of others' approval about vaping. | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
| Mean Vaping Refusal Self-efficacy Score | The 3-item mean vaping refusal self-efficacy scale assesses a participant's confidence that they could refuse to vape in a social situation. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scores are determined by summing the scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores representing a higher amount of refuse to vape in a social situation. | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
| Frequency of Vaping | Participants will be asked the number of days they vaped over the past 30 days, with higher scores indicating more days vaped. | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
| Frequency of Cigarette Smoking | Participants will be asked the number of days they smoked cigarettes over the past 30 days, with higher scores indicating more days smoked. | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
| Frequency of Using Other Tobacco Products | Participants will be asked if they used other tobacco products (OTP) over the past 30 days. OTP use will be determined as follows: no use = person who doesn't use OTPs; used = person who uses OTPs; no response = person who skipped or refused to answer | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
| BG001 | Wellness Behavior Text Messages | Participants will receive text messages (2 daily, on average) about general wellness topics, with introductory messages sent on day 1 and concluding messages sent on day 28. Wellness behaviors text messages: Participants will receive text messages (2 daily, on average) about general wellness topics, with introductory messages sent on day 1 and concluding messages sent on day 28. Each wellness text message will focus on one of six topics: sleep hygiene, safe driving, sun safety, study habits, nutrition, and exercise. This attention control condition is matched with the intervention condition in that participants will receive the same number of text messages over the same number of days, the same intervention structure (e.g., 6 topics), and the same number and types of two-way messages. |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Participants |
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| Age, Continuous | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
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| Sex: Female, Male | The following data excludes participants who did not select male or female. | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
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| Mean Susceptibility to Vaping Score | The mean susceptibility to vaping score will be assessed using the questionnaire. Response options are on a 1 to 4 scale. Overall scale scores are determined by summing scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-4), with higher scores representing a greater susceptibility to vaping (a worse outcome). | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
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| OG001 | Wellness Behavior Text Messages | Participants will receive text messages (2 daily, on average) about general wellness topics, with introductory messages sent on day 1 and concluding messages sent on day 28. Wellness behaviors text messages: Participants will receive text messages (2 daily, on average) about general wellness topics, with introductory messages sent on day 1 and concluding messages sent on day 28. Each wellness text message will focus on one of six topics: sleep hygiene, safe driving, sun safety, study habits, nutrition, and exercise. This attention control condition is matched with the intervention condition in that participants will receive the same number of text messages over the same number of days, the same intervention structure (e.g., 6 topics), and the same number and types of two-way messages. |
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| Secondary | Mean Vaping Instrumental Attitudes Score | The mean vaping instrumental attitudes score will be assessed using the questionnaire. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scale scores are determined by summing scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores representing a belief that vaping is more beneficial, safe and healthy. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
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| Secondary | Mean Vaping Affective Attitudes Score | .The mean vaping affective attitudes score will be assessed using the questionnaire. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scale scores are determined by summing scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores representing a belief that vaping is more enjoyable, pleasant, and fun. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
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| Secondary | Mean Vaping Addiction Risk Beliefs Score | The mean vaping addiction risk beliefs score will be assessed using the questionnaire. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scale scores are determined by summing scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores representing more tendency to addiction. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
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| Secondary | Mean Vaping Monetary Cost Beliefs Score | The mean vaping monetary cost beliefs score will be assessed using the questionnaire. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scale scores are determined by summing scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores represents participants' believes that vaping is a costly activity. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
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| Secondary | Mean Vaping Chemical Risk Beliefs Score | The mean vaping chemical risk beliefs score will be assessed using the questionnaire. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scale scores are determined by summing scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores representing participant's believes that e-cigarette vapor contains chemicals that pose health risks. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
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| Secondary | Mean Vaping Cosmetic Risk Beliefs Score | The mean vaping cosmetic risk beliefs score will be assessed using the questionnaire. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scale scores are determined by summing scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores representing participant belief that use will harm their cosmetic appearance. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
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| Secondary | Mean Vaping Health Symptoms Beliefs Score | The mean vaping physical symptoms of use beliefs score will be assessed using the questionnaire. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scale scores are determined by summing scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores represent participant believes that e-cigarette use will cause certain physical symptoms. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
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| Secondary | Mean Vaping Mental Health Symptoms of Use Beliefs Score | The mean vaping mental health symptoms of use beliefs score will be assessed using the questionnaire. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scale scores are determined by summing scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores represent participant believes that e-cigarette use will cause or worsen mental health symptoms. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
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| Secondary | Mean Vaping Health Organ Risk Beliefs Score | The mean vaping health organ risk beliefs score will be assessed using the questionnaire. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scale scores are determined by summing scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores representing participant believes that e-cigarette use will harm the health of certain organs. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
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| Secondary | Mean Susceptibility to Smoking Cigarettes Score | The mean susceptibility to smoking cigarettes score will be assessed using the questionnaire. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scale scores are determined by summing scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores represent participant more open to smoking. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
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| Secondary | Mean Smoking Instrumental Attitude Score | The 1-item mean smoking instrumental attitude measure assesses a participant's attitude toward smoking. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing a more harmful perception of smoking. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
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| Secondary | Mean Smoking Affective Attitude Score | The 1-item mean smoking affective attitude measure assesses a participant's attitude toward smoking (unenjoyable/enjoyable). Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing a more enjoyable attitude toward smoking. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
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| Secondary | Mean Smoking Addiction Risk Belief Score | The 1-item mean smoking addiction risk belief measure assesses the extent to which a participant believes that smoking will lead to addiction. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing beliefs that smoking will lead to addiction. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
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| Secondary | Mean Smoking Health Harm Risk Belief Score | The 1-item mean smoking health harm risk belief measure assesses the extent to which a participant believes that smoking will lead to health harm. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing higher beliefs that smoking will cause to health harm. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
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| Secondary | Mean Vaping Injunctive Norms Score | The 3-item mean vaping injunctive norms scale assesses a participant's perception of others' approval or disapproval of their vaping behavior. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scores are determined by summing the scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores representing a participant's perception of others' approval about vaping. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
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| Secondary | Mean Vaping Refusal Self-efficacy Score | The 3-item mean vaping refusal self-efficacy scale assesses a participant's confidence that they could refuse to vape in a social situation. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale. Overall scores are determined by summing the scores of the 3 items and dividing them by 3 (range 1-5), with higher scores representing a higher amount of refuse to vape in a social situation. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
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| Secondary | Frequency of Vaping | Participants will be asked the number of days they vaped over the past 30 days, with higher scores indicating more days vaped. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | days | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
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| Secondary | Frequency of Cigarette Smoking | Participants will be asked the number of days they smoked cigarettes over the past 30 days, with higher scores indicating more days smoked. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | days | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
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| Secondary | Frequency of Using Other Tobacco Products | Participants will be asked if they used other tobacco products (OTP) over the past 30 days. OTP use will be determined as follows: no use = person who doesn't use OTPs; used = person who uses OTPs; no response = person who skipped or refused to answer | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Visit 3 (4 weeks) |
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| 0 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
| 0 |
| EG001 | Wellness Behavior Text Messages | Participants will receive text messages (2 daily, on average) about general wellness topics, with introductory messages sent on day 1 and concluding messages sent on day 28. Wellness behaviors text messages: Participants will receive text messages (2 daily, on average) about general wellness topics, with introductory messages sent on day 1 and concluding messages sent on day 28. Each wellness text message will focus on one of six topics: sleep hygiene, safe driving, sun safety, study habits, nutrition, and exercise. This attention control condition is matched with the intervention condition in that participants will receive the same number of text messages over the same number of days, the same intervention structure (e.g., 6 topics), and the same number and types of two-way messages. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander |
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| Black or African American |
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| White |
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| More than one race |
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| Unknown or Not Reported |
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| No response |
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