Evaluation of the Efficacy of Preoperative Ketamine Nebulization on Postoperative Sore Throat Due to Tracheal Intubation for Adult Patients Under General Anesthesia, A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Preoperative Ketamine Nebulization on Postoperative Sore Throat Due to Tracheal Intubation for Adult Patients Under General Anesthesia, A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study

Sore throat includes specific symptoms such as dysphagia, dysphonia, hoarseness, continuous throat pain, and pharyngeal dryness. Patients rated postoperative sore throat (POST) as the eighth most undesirable outcome in the postoperative period POST has a reported incidence of up to 62% following general anesthesia (GA). The incidence of POST is more common in GA with tracheal intubation than in GA with the supraglottic airway Ketamine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist and has been used as a gargle for reducing the incidence and severity of POST due to its anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 16-60 years.
2. Of both sex.
3. American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status (ASA PS) I-II.
4. Undergoing general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation with surgery duration less than two hours.

Exclusion Criteria:

• a- History of chronic obstructive History of sore throat or upper respiratory tract infection.

  b- Intraoral and intrapharyngeal surgery. c- airway disease or Asthma. d- Mallampati grade more than II. e- Known allergic to study drug. f- More than one attempt is required for intubation. g- Hypertensive patients. h- Epileptic patients. i- cerebral palsy or any neurological disorders. j- Psychiatry patients. k- Cardiac patients. l- Perioperative use of anti-inflammatory drugs (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug or steroids).