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This study aims to identify and compare the effects of acute and chronic exercise interventions on cognition in middle-aged adults with cognitive complaints and a history of abuse or neglect in childhood. Each participant will be enrolled in the study for up to 78 days, in five parts following verification that the participant meets criteria to be included in the study: 1) initial assessment; 2) first acute exercise condition in lab, symptom measures, and neuropsychological testing; 3) second acute exercise condition in lab, symptom measures, and neuropsychological testing; and 4) 9-week exercise intervention or activity as usual outside of lab, with interview, symptom measures, and neuropsychological testing at three-week intervals.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acute Exercise Moderate first | Experimental | Day 1 Assessments, Day 8 Moderate Intensity Exercise (followed by symptom measures and neuropsychological tests), Day 15 Light Intensity Exercise (symptom measures and neuropsychological tests) |
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| Acute Exercise Light first | Active Comparator | Control Day 1 Assessments (symptom measures, neuropsychological tests, and cognitive complaints interview), Day 8 Light Intensity Exercise (followed by symptom measures and neuropsychological tests), Day 15 Moderate Intensity Exercise (symptom measures and neuropsychological tests) |
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| Chronic Exercise Moderate | Experimental | 9-weeks Moderate Intensity Exercise Day 36 (at 3 weeks) Assessments Day 57 (at 6 weeks) Assessments Day 78 (at 9 weeks) Assessments |
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| Activity as Usual | No Intervention | 9-week activity as usual Day 36 (at 3 weeks) Assessments Day 57 (at 6 weeks) Assessments Day 78 (at 9 weeks) Assessments |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate Intensity Exercise (one day) | Behavioral | Participants will engage in 40 minutes of cycling at 70-75% maximum heart rate (MHR). |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in performance (i.e., raw score of number of words recalled, in whole numbers) on the Loewenstein-Acevedo Scales for Semantic Interference and Learning (LASSI-L) from baseline will be compared within subjects. | The Loewenstein-Acevedo Scales for Semantic Interference and Learning (LASSI-L) is a reliable, well-validated measure of verbal learning and memory. The minimum score on this measure is 0, and the highest score is 15. Higher scores indicate better memory. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline), after acute exercise condition on day 8, and after acute exercise condition on day 15. |
| Change in performance (i.e., raw score of total correct, in whole numbers) on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) Digit Span test from baseline will be compared within subjects. | The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) Digit Span test is a reliable, well-validated measure of auditory attention and working memory. The minimum score on this measure is 0, and the highest score is 48. Higher scores indicate better attention. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline), after acute exercise condition on day 8, and after acute exercise condition on day 15 |
| Change in performance (i.e., raw scores of time to complete task, in seconds) on the Trail Making Test (TMT) from baseline will be compared within subjects. | The Trail Making Test (TMT) is a reliable, well-validated measure of visual attention, processing speed, and executive function. The minimum score on this measure is 1, and the highest score is 300. Lower scores indicate better executive function. | exercise condition on day 8, and after acute exercise condition on day 15 |
| Change in performance (i.e., raw scores of time to complete task, in seconds) on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) from baseline will be compared within subjects. | The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is a reliable, well-validated measure of visual working memory, processing speed, and executive function. The minimum score on this measure is 0, and the highest score is 110. Higher scores indicate faster processing speed. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in total score on the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). | The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) a 20-item widely used questionnaire to assess the severity of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The minimum score on this measure is 0, and the highest score is 80. Higher scores indicate worse symptoms of PTSD. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline); after acute exercise condition on day 8; after acute exercise condition on day 15; and after 3 weeks, 6 weeks, and 9 weeks of the chronic exercise condition or activity as usual |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Erin Logue, PhD | University of Texas at Austin | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Texas at Austin | Recruiting | Austin | Texas | 78712 | United States |
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| Placebo - Light Intensity Exercise (one day) | Behavioral | Control participants will engage in 40 minutes cycling at 40-50% maximum heart rate (MHR). |
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| Moderate Intensity Exercise (9 wks) | Behavioral | Participants will be asked to engage in moderate-intensity activity four days each week, 40 minutes each time, and will wear an activity monitoring device to assess their fidelity to the intervention. |
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| Day 1 Assessments | Other | Cognitive complaints interview, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Revised (CESD-R), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), Life Events Checklist (LEC-5), and neuropsychological testing: approximately 1.50 hours |
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| Symptom Measures and Neuropsychological Tests | Other | Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Revised (CESD-R), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), and neuropsychological testing: approximately 1.25 hours |
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| Day 36 Assessments | Other | Activity monitoring device charged and data downloaded, questions regarding fidelity to activity as usual or moderate-intensity exercise and any difficulties, Cognitive complaints interview, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Revised (CESD-R), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), neuropsychological testing, and activity monitoring device returned to participant: approximately 2.00 hours |
|
| Day 57 Assessments | Other | Activity monitoring device charged and data downloaded, questions regarding fidelity to activity as usual or moderate-intensity exercise and any difficulties, Cognitive complaints interview, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Revised (CESD-R), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), neuropsychological testing, and activity monitoring device returned to participant: approximately 2.00 hours |
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| Day 78 Assessments | Other | Activity monitoring device charged and data downloaded, questions regarding fidelity to activity as usual or moderate-intensity exercise and any difficulties, Cognitive complaints interview, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Revised (CESD-R), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), neuropsychological testing, and activity monitoring device returned to participant: approximately 2.00 hours |
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| one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline), after acute exercise condition on day 8, and after acute exercise condition on day 15 |
| Change in performance (i.e., raw score of total correct, in whole numbers) on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) from baseline will be compared within subjects. | The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) is a reliable, well-validated measure of auditory working memory, processing speed, and executive function. The minimum score on this measure is 0, and the highest score is 60. Higher scores indicate better working memory. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline), after acute exercise condition on day 8, and after acute exercise condition on day 15 |
| Change in performance (i.e., raw scores of total words generated, in whole numbers) on the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) from baseline will be compared within subjects. | The Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) is a reliable, well-validated measure of language and executive function. The minimum score on this measure is 0, and the highest score is 180. Higher scores indicate better ability to generate words given a phonemic cue. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline), after acute exercise condition on day 8, and after acute exercise condition on day 15 |
| Change from baseline performance (i.e., raw score of number of words recalled, in whole numbers) on the Loewenstein-Acevedo Scales for Semantic Interference and Learning (LASSI-L) at 3 weeks post-chronic exercise intervention. | Assessed between participants assigned to 9-week intervention and those assigned to activity as usual. The Loewenstein-Acevedo Scales for Semantic Interference and Learning (LASSI-L) is a reliable, well-validated measure of verbal learning and memory. The minimum score on this measure is 0, and the highest score is 15. Higher scores indicate better memory. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline) and after 3 weeks of the chronic exercise condition or activity as usual |
| Change from baseline performance (i.e., raw score of total correct, in whole numbers) on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) Digit Span test at 3 weeks post-chronic exercise intervention. | Assessed between participants assigned to 9-week intervention and those assigned to activity as usual. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) Digit Span test is a reliable, well-validated measure of auditory attention and working memory. The minimum score on this measure is 0, and the highest score is 48. Higher scores indicate better attention. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline) and after 3 weeks of the chronic exercise condition or activity as usual |
| Change from baseline performance (i.e., raw scores of time to complete task, in seconds) on the Trail Making Test (TMT) at 3 weeks post-chronic exercise intervention. | Assessed between participants assigned to 9-week intervention and those assigned to activity as usual. The Trail Making Test (TMT) is a reliable, well-validated measure of visual attention, processing speed, and executive function. The minimum score on this measure is 1, and the highest score is 300. Lower scores indicate better executive function. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline) and after 3 weeks of the chronic exercise condition or activity as usual |
| Change from baseline performance (i.e., raw scores of time to complete task, in seconds) on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) at 3 weeks post-chronic exercise intervention. | Assessed between participants assigned to 9-week intervention and those assigned to activity as usual. The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is a reliable, well-validated measure of visual working memory, processing speed, and executive function. The minimum score on this measure is 0, and the highest score is 110. Higher scores indicate faster processing speed. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline) and after 3 weeks of the chronic exercise condition or activity as usual |
| Change from baseline performance (i.e., raw score of total correct, in whole numbers) on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) at 3 weeks post-chronic exercise intervention. | Assessed between participants assigned to 9-week intervention and those assigned to activity as usual. The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) is a reliable, well-validated measure of auditory working memory, processing speed, and executive function. The minimum score on this measure is 0, and the highest score is 60. Higher scores indicate better working memory. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline) and after 3 weeks of the chronic exercise condition or activity as usual |
| Change from baseline performance (i.e., raw scores of total words generated, in whole numbers) on the Controlled Oral Word Association Tet (COWAT) at 3 weeks post-chronic exercise intervention. | Assessed between participants assigned to 9-week intervention and those assigned to activity as usual. The Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) is a reliable, well-validated measure of language and executive function. The minimum score on this measure is 0, and the highest score is 180. Higher scores indicate better ability to generate words given a phonemic cue. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline) and after 3 weeks of the chronic exercise condition or activity as usual |
| Change from baseline performance (i.e., raw score of number of words recalled, in whole numbers) on the Loewenstein-Acevedo Scales for Semantic Interference and Learning (LASSI-L) at 6 weeks post-chronic exercise intervention. | Assessed between participants assigned to 9-week intervention and those assigned to activity as usual. The Loewenstein-Acevedo Scales for Semantic Interference and Learning (LASSI-L) is a reliable, well-validated measure of verbal learning and memory. The minimum score on this measure is 0, and the highest score is 15. Higher scores indicate better memory. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline) and after 6 weeks of the chronic exercise condition or activity as usual |
| Change from baseline performance (i.e., raw score of total correct, in whole numbers) on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) Digit Span test at 6 weeks post-chronic exercise intervention. | Assessed between participants assigned to 9-week intervention and those assigned to activity as usual. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) Digit Span test is a reliable, well-validated measure of auditory attention and working memory. The minimum score on this measure is 0, and the highest score is 48. Higher scores indicate better attention. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline) and after 6 weeks of the chronic exercise condition or activity as usual |
| Change from baseline performance (i.e., raw scores of time to complete task, in seconds) on the Trail Making Test (TMT) at 6 weeks post-chronic exercise intervention. | Assessed between participants assigned to 9-week intervention and those assigned to activity as usual. The Trail Making Test (TMT) is a reliable, well-validated measure of visual attention, processing speed, and executive function. The minimum score on this measure is 1, and the highest score is 300. Lower scores indicate better executive function. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline) and after 6 weeks of the chronic exercise condition or activity as usual |
| Change from baseline performance (i.e., raw scores of time to complete task, in seconds) on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) at 6 weeks post-chronic exercise intervention. | Assessed between participants assigned to 9-week intervention and those assigned to activity as usual. The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is a reliable, well-validated measure of visual working memory, processing speed, and executive function. The minimum score on this measure is 0, and the highest score is 110. Higher scores indicate faster processing speed. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline) and after 6 weeks of the chronic exercise condition or activity as usual |
| Change from baseline performance (i.e., raw score of total correct, in whole numbers) on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) at 6 weeks post-chronic exercise intervention. | Assessed between participants assigned to 9-week intervention and those assigned to activity as usual. The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) is a reliable, well-validated measure of auditory working memory, processing speed, and executive function. The minimum score on this measure is 0, and the highest score is 60. Higher scores indicate better working memory. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline) and after 6 weeks of the chronic exercise condition or activity as usual |
| Change from baseline performance (i.e., raw scores of total words generated, in whole numbers) on the Controlled Oral Word Association Tet (COWAT) at 6 weeks post-chronic exercise intervention. | Assessed between participants assigned to 9-week intervention and those assigned to activity as usual. The Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) is a reliable, well-validated measure of language and executive function. The minimum score on this measure is 0, and the highest score is 180. Higher scores indicate better ability to generate words given a phonemic cue. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline) and after 6 weeks of the chronic exercise condition or activity as usual |
| Change from baseline performance (i.e., raw score of number of words recalled, in whole numbers) on the Loewenstein-Acevedo Scales for Semantic Interference and Learning (LASSI-L) at 9 weeks post-chronic exercise intervention. | Assessed between participants assigned to 9-week intervention and those assigned to activity as usual. The Loewenstein-Acevedo Scales for Semantic Interference and Learning (LASSI-L) is a reliable, well-validated measure of verbal learning and memory. The minimum score on this measure is 0, and the highest score is 15. Higher scores indicate better memory. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline) and after 9 weeks of the chronic exercise condition or activity as usual |
| Change from baseline performance (i.e., raw score of total correct, in whole numbers) on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) Digit Span test at 9 weeks post-chronic exercise intervention. | Assessed between participants assigned to 9-week intervention and those assigned to activity as usual. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) Digit Span test is a reliable, well-validated measure of auditory attention and working memory. The minimum score on this measure is 0, and the highest score is 48. Higher scores indicate better attention. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline) and after 9 weeks of the chronic exercise condition or activity as usual |
| Change from baseline performance (i.e., raw scores of time to complete task, in seconds) on the Trail Making Test (TMT) at 9 weeks post-chronic exercise intervention. | Assessed between participants assigned to 9-week intervention and those assigned to activity as usual. The Trail Making Test (TMT) is a reliable, well-validated measure of visual attention, processing speed, and executive function. The minimum score on this measure is 1, and the highest score is 300. Lower scores indicate better executive function. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline) and after 9 weeks of the chronic exercise condition or activity as usual |
| Change from baseline performance (i.e., raw scores of time to complete task, in seconds) on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) at 9 weeks post-chronic exercise intervention. | Assessed between participants assigned to 9-week intervention and those assigned to activity as usual. The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is a reliable, well-validated measure of visual working memory, processing speed, and executive function. The minimum score on this measure is 0, and the highest score is 110. Higher scores indicate faster processing speed. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline) and after 9 weeks of the chronic exercise condition or activity as usual |
| Change from baseline performance (i.e., raw score of total correct, in whole numbers) on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) at 9 weeks post-chronic exercise intervention. | Assessed between participants assigned to 9-week intervention and those assigned to activity as usual. The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) is a reliable, well-validated measure of auditory working memory, processing speed, and executive function. The minimum score on this measure is 0, and the highest score is 60. Higher scores indicate better working memory. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline) and after 9 weeks of the chronic exercise condition or activity as usual |
| Change from baseline performance (i.e., raw scores of total words generated, in whole numbers) on the Controlled Oral Word Association Tet (COWAT) at 9 weeks post-chronic exercise intervention. | Assessed between participants assigned to 9-week intervention and those assigned to activity as usual. The Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) is a reliable, well-validated measure of language and executive function. The minimum score on this measure is 0, and the highest score is 180. Higher scores indicate better ability to generate words given a phonemic cue. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline) and after 9 weeks of the chronic exercise condition or activity as usual |
| Change from baseline cognitive complaints (i.e., total number of complaints) at 3 weeks post-chronic exercise intervention. | Assessed between participants assigned to 9-week intervention and those assigned to activity as usual. To assess cognitive complaints, an interview by the primary investigator, asking about symptoms of difficulties with attention, thinking speed, language, memory, and executive function. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline) and after 3 weeks of the chronic exercise condition or activity as usual |
| Change from baseline cognitive complaints (i.e., total number of complaints) at 6 weeks post-chronic exercise intervention. | Assessed between participants assigned to 9-week intervention and those assigned to activity as usual. To assess cognitive complaints, an interview by the primary investigator, asking about symptoms of difficulties with attention, thinking speed, language, memory, and executive function. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline) and after 6 weeks of the chronic exercise condition or activity as usual |
| Change from baseline cognitive complaints (i.e., total number of complaints) at 9 weeks post-chronic exercise intervention. | Assessed between participants assigned to 9-week intervention and those assigned to activity as usual. To assess cognitive complaints, an interview by the primary investigator, asking about symptoms of difficulties with attention, thinking speed, language, memory, and executive function. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline) and after 9 weeks of the chronic exercise condition or activity as usual |
| Change in total score on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Revised (CESD-R). | The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Revised (CESD-R) is a 20-item self-report measure of depression symptoms used in research. The minimum score on this measure is 0, and the highest score is 60. Higher scores indicate worse symptoms of depression. | one week before first acute exercise condition (baseline); after acute exercise condition on day 8; after acute exercise condition on day 15; and after 3 weeks, 6 weeks, and 9 weeks of the chronic exercise condition or activity as usual |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009483 | Neuropsychological Tests |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011581 | Psychological Tests |
| D004191 | Behavioral Disciplines and Activities |
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