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To explore the role of sensory modulation dysfunction (SMD) (i.e., a neurodevelopmental state altering the sensory perception, severely interfering with daily function) as a risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), its co-occurring pain, and impeded cognitive functions, following exposure to combat trauma.
Background and Aim: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is interwoven with chronic pain, and the latter co-occurs with sensory modulation dysfunction (SMD). Moreover, SMD was found as a risk factor for chronic pain and hampered executive functioning. Currently, the sensory domain is neglected in the PTSD research realm, though findings indicate its link to PTSD. Thus, this study proposes to bridge a current gap in PTSD knowledge base, and specifically, our general aim is to uncover the role of SMD in predicting combat trauma-related symptomatology, altered executive function, and clinical pain.
Methods: This is a single-blind randomized control study, comprising 4 assessments: pre (T1); post (T2); 10 (T3); and 40 (T4) days follow-up, following experimental manipulation (see Figure 1). Participants with and without SMD will be randomly allocated to experimental and control groups that will watch traumatic movie scenes simulating combat and non-traumatic movie scenes, respectively. The assessor will be blinded to group allocation.
Population: One-hundred healthy individuals aged 18 to 28 years, with and without SMD. Participants with SMD will be identified via a standardized questionnaire during screening. The sample size was calculated based on power analyses via G*Power 3 software derived from p-value of .05 and statistical power of .80.
Tools: Both objective and subjective outcome measures will be applied consisting of self-report questionnaires, psychophysical-, physiological-, emotional reactions, and executive function performance-based- testing will be applied. The experimental manipulation will comprise of the Trauma film paradigm.
Expected Results: Findings may advance the understanding of PTSD development and thus not only serve in attenuating the risk for PTSD among combatants but also may contribute to developing preventative measures for PTSD among combatants.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| traumatic (scenes of injury and death during combat) | Experimental | In the experimental group participants will be exposed to a traumatic scene, to simulate combat exposure by watching 16 min traumatic combat scenes from the TV series "When Heroes Fly. |
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| non-traumatic (neutral) film | Active Comparator | In this active control group, participants will be watching 16 min. non-traumatic, neutral scene showing combatants as well (scenes from the YouTube series "Warriors"). |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Trauma Film Paradigm | Behavioral | Trauma film paradigm is a well-known, validated and established procedure that produces reactions similar to those generated by trauma, and that is often used in research to predict susceptibility for peritraumatic and posttraumatic reactions. In this study the trauma film paradigm will be utilized to simulate combat exposure. The two groups of participants will undergo the trauma film paradigm by watching 16 min traumatic combat scenes vs. non-traumatic movie scenes, respectively. Participants will be given standardized instructions (i.e., ''Imagine you are present at the scene"; "Do not close your eyes"). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire (PSQ) | A 17 item self-report questionnaire assessing daily pain sensitivity, aimed to quantify everyday somatosensory pain sensitivity to imagined painful daily life situations. Participants rate the intensity of imagined pain on a 10-point scale: 'not painful at all' (0) to 'the worst pain imaginable' (10). The Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire provides a total score (range 17-170) and two sub-scores. | Change from immediately before and immediately after the manipulation and 40 days post undertaking the manipulation |
| Spontaneously occurring memories | Diaries will be utilized for reporting spontaneously occurring memories of the film, consisting of 6 items of which 1 is an open question. This will be filled once a day for 6 days starting the next day after the trauma film paradigm was undertaken. Thereafter, it will be filled in again in T3 and T4 | Change between T2, T3, T4: SpecificallyT2-during 6 days, starting the day after undertaking the experiment = trauma film paradigm, 10 (T3); and 40 (T4) days follow-up, following experimental manipulation |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Salivary cortisol | Using commercially available cortisol electrochemiluminescent immunoassays (ECLIA) kits (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) on a cobas e801 module (Roche Diagnostics GmbH) | Change between T1 and T2: (immediately before and immediately after the manipulation = trauma film paradigm) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Sensory responsiveness questionnaire (SRQ) | A 58-item questionnaire aimed at clinically classifying sensory modulation dysfunction in adults. Items represent typical daily life situations involving auditory, visual, gustatory, olfactory, vestibular and somatosensory sensations, excluding pain. Items are phrased either in a hedonic or aversive valence and are graded on a 5-point Likert scale: 'not at all' (1) to 'very much' (5). Two cut-off scores are provided. Will be used for group allocation: Individuals with vs. without sensory modulation dysfunction. As mentioned in study design trauma film paradigm randomization will be applied within each of these groups separately. |
Inclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Tami Bar-Shalita, PhD | Tel Aviv University | Principal Investigator |
| Yael Lahav, PhD | Tel Aviv University | Principal Investigator |
| Michal Lifshitz, MD | Israel Defense Forces | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Tami Bar-Shalita | Tel Aviv | Israel |
Will be available upon request
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013313 | Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic |
| D014947 | Wounds and Injuries |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D040921 | Stress Disorders, Traumatic |
| D000068099 | Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009040 | Motion Pictures |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001296 | Audiovisual Aids |
| D018961 | Educational Technology |
| D013672 | Technology |
| D013676 | Technology, Industry, and Agriculture |
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A randomized controlled trial with an experimental group and a control group: Specifically participants will be screened for SMD, thereafter randomization will be applied within each group: with and without SMD, separately.
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Assessors will be blind to group allocation
|
| non-traumatic (neutral) film | Behavioral | non-traumatic (neutral) film |
|
| Heart rate |
Recorded via the Mindware BioNex 8-slot chassis acquisition system (Mindware Technologies Ltd, Gahanna,OH, USA |
| Change between: immediately before (T1) and immediately after the manipulation = trauma film paradigm (T2) |
| skin conductance | Recorded via the Mindware BioNex 8-slot chassis acquisition system (Mindware Technologies Ltd, Gahanna,OH, USA | Change between: immediately before (T1) and immediately after the manipulation = trauma film paradigm (T2) |
| Executive function | The executive function will be measured using 2 performance-based tests, both testing the same outcomes, to avoid the learning effect which may occur when using one in short intervals: (i) Trail making test (TMT) (at pre-experimental manipulation) and (ii). Color trail test (CTT) (at post-experimental manipulation), alternating between subjects. Both tests are widely used to assess executive function and specifically target visual scanning, processing speed, and capacity to maintain focus attention/mental flexibility, providing 2 scores: speed of completion and error rate. | Change between T1 and T2: ( immediately before and immediately after the manipulation= trauma film paradigm) |
| Quantitative sensory testing- pain psychophysics | Thermal and pain thresholds using the Thermal Sensory Analyzer (TSA) (Medoc, Israel). The tests will include cold detection threshold (CDT), warm detection threshold (WDT), cold pain threshold CPT) and warm pain threshold (CPT). The TSA thermod's active area is 32 cm and temperature range is 0°C to a safety limit of 50°C. Each test will be performed three times in the dorsal aspects of the dominant hand. Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) will be tested utilizing heat test stimuli individually tailored rated as 50/100, delivered via the TSA thermod to the volar aspect of the dominant hand, conditioned by the contralateral hand immersed in painfully cold water (7C). | Change between T1 and T2: (immediately before and immediately after the manipulation = trauma film paradigm) |
| Face reading | Utilizing the FaceReader hardware (incl.: Webcam, LED ring) and the FaceReader software Base module, during the trauma film paradigm manipulation, all participants will be videotaped using the webcam on their computer screen. The videotapes will be analyzed offline using the FaceReader software Base module to classify emotional reactions | Change between immediately before (T1) and immediately after the manipulation = trauma film paradigm (T2) |
| The State- Trait anxiety Inventory (STAI) | A self-report 2 part questionnaire, assessing both anxiety state and anxiety trait, comprising 20 items each. All items are rated on a 4-point scale (e.g., from "Almost Never" to "Almost Always"). Higher scores indicate greater anxiety. In this study, only the Anxiety state part will be utilized | Change between T1 and T2: (immediately before and immediately after the manipulation= trauma film paradigm) |
| Dissociation-Tension-Scale | A 21-item self-report questionnaire designed to assess psychological and somatoform dissociative features. Ratings are made on a 10-point scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 9 (very much). | T2: (immediately after the manipulation= trauma film paradigm) |
| Distress after trauma film paradigm | Three questions self-report aiming at rating participant experience due to the movie scene: 2 with a response scale of 1 ("not distressed") to 10 ("extremely distressed"), and one with a response scale of 1 ( very pleasant) to 5 (very unpleasant), constructed for the purpose of this current study | T2: (immediately after the manipulation= trauma film paradigm) |
| The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) | Self-report questionnaire for testing Trauma-related symptomatology. The IES-R comprises 22 items that measure symptoms of intrusion (dreams about the event), avoidance and numbing (the effort to avoid reminders of the event), and hyperarousal (feeling watchful and on guard) with respect to a potentially traumatic event. Participants are asked to rate on a 5-point Likert scale the extent to which each item applies to their experiences. The total score on the IES-R ranges between 0 and 88. | Change between T3 and T4: (10 and 40 days post undertaking the manipulation =trauma film paradigm) |
| Skin conductance | Recorded via the Mindware BioNex 8-slot chassis acquisition system (Mindware Technologies Ltd, Gahanna,OH, USA | Change between: immediately before (T1) and immediately after (T2) the manipulation = trauma film paradigm) |
| Baseline ( screening phase) |
| The Dissociation Experiences Scale-II (DES-II) | A 28-item self-report questionnaire that measures the frequency of dissociative experiences. The total dissociative score was computed as the mean of these 28 items, ranging from 0 to 100. | Baseline ( screening phase) |
| Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ) | A 16-question instrument assessing visual imagery. Participants are asked to imagine a number of specified items determined by the test protocol and to rate their subjective impression of vividness on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (perfectly clear and as vivid as normal vision) to 5 (no image at all, you only " know" that you are thinking of the object). | Baseline ( screening phase) |
| Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5) | It is a 17-item self-report measure assessing lifetime potentially traumatic event types. Participants rate each item with six response options: happened to me, witnessed it, learned about it, part of my job, not sure, or doesn't apply. | Baseline ( screening phase) |
| Post Traumatic Groth Inventory (PTGI) | A self-report scale assessing posttraumatic growth consisting of 21 statements. Participants are asked to rate the extent to which the indicated change occurred in their lives as a result of their stressful/traumatic life experiences" Each item was scored on a 4-point scale ranging from 1 (I didn't experience this change at all) to 4 (I experienced this change to a very great). | Baseline ( screening phase) |
| PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) | In this 20-item self-report measure, assessing subclinical PTSD symptoms, participants are asked to indicate the extent to which they experienced each PTSD symptom, on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely). Items corresponded to the newly approved PTSD symptom criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. In this study will be used for screening | Baseline ( screening phase) |
| Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) | A 16-item self-report questionnaire designed to assess individuals' typical levels of emotion dysregulation. Participants are asked to rate the extent to which each item applies to them on a 5-point Likert-type scale from 1 (almost never) to 5 (almost always). | Baseline ( screening phase) |