To investigate the association between cognitive reserve, pain catastrophizing, and cognitive function in geriatric patients with chronic pain, and to explore whether cognitive reserve moderates the relationship between pain catastrophizing and cognitive function.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Aged 65 to 85 years
• Experiencing chronic pain (≥3 months) attributable to osteoarthritis or neuropathic conditions
• Able to read, write, and speak the language in which assessments are administered
• Willing and able to provide informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disorder (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease)
• History of significant head injury, stroke, or brain tumor
• Current substance abuse or dependence
• Severe psychiatric illness (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder)
• Significant sensory or motor impairments that may interfere with the ability to complete assessments

The study population consists of community-dwelling adults aged 65-85 years with chronic pain (≥3 months) attributable to osteoarthritis or neuropathic conditions.