Here, we retrospectively analyzed the proportion of intravenous patient controlled analgesia (PCA) used in a large tertiary hospital in central China, and then further analyzed the proportion of patients with postoperative pain after standardized pain treatment and the incidence of adverse effects. It aims to answer are:

1. The incidence of poor postoperative analgesia and adverse effects of patients with different types of surgery after standardized postoperative pain management of TJ-APS team;
2. It would provide reference for improving the quality of postoperative acute pain management. In addition, it supplements the Chinese data on the incidence of poor postoperative analgesia and adverse effects of patients under the APS standardized postoperative analgesia process.

Acute pain service (APS) is an important management mode to improve postoperative acute pain, and it has been widely used in hospitals around the world for many years. According to a survey, more than 60% of hospitals in Europe and America have APS teams. Most of the information on postoperative pain management is mainly based on the research performed in United States, Germany and other European countries. Moreover, the current clinical research on postoperative analgesia is mainly focused on improving analgesia technology and drugs, while there are few studies on the impact of postoperative pain management (such as APS) on the prognosis of patients, especially the research on large samples. Considering that China's population accounts for about 21.5% of the world's population, the United States accounts for about 4.3% of the world's population, and Germany accounts for about 1%. Therefore, it is necessary to study the current situation of analgesia in China, especially the poor postoperative analgesia and adverse effects after different types of surgery in Chinese patients. The 27th National Anesthesia Academic Annual Meeting in 2019 reported that only 25.12% of hospitals in China have established APS or similar groups, and only 23.48% provided pain treatment education before surgery, and less than 10% of them are responsible for the whole process of postoperative analgesia services.

Inclusion Criteria:

• The surgical patients in Tongji Hospital (Central Operating Room of Hankou Hospital) affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology from January 2016 to December 2021

Exclusion Criteria:

• Some cases with incomplete patient information records and incomplete patient follow-up data records due to human factors were excluded.

The surgical patients in Tongji Hospital (Central Operating Room of Hankou Hospital) affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology from January 2016 to December 2021