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The emotion Egg, or "eEgg" for short, is a sample series of a device for testing a new pain measurement method that is not yet on the market. The aim is to investigate whether the trial device and the eEgg method (eEgg plus software) are suitable for supporting, improving or even replacing the communication between doctor and patient, which still takes place via the numerical rating scale (NRS) and the pain diary. Issues of acceptability in comparison to the pain diary and the NRS are to be considered. Measurements should be recorded in real time; no orientation to the previous value is possible for the patient.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| eEgg-Arm | Experimental | Within the 24h interval, pain assessment is performed hourly using the NRS (during the day) and the eEgg (preferably at hourly intervals throughout the day). If necessary, additional measurements can be taken with the eEgg. |
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| NRS-Arm | Other | Patients are asked to document their current pain at hourly intervals for 24 hours (starting from the end of the intervention) according to the usual clinical routine. The first measurement is taken before the intervention. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| eEgg | Device | In the eEgg-Arm, patients are given the eEgg immediately before the intervention to familiarize themselves with this method. Here, the patient is asked to press the device with maximum force for five seconds, which would correspond to an NRS value of 10, and to press the eEgg only with half force, which corresponds to an NRS value of 5. Following the instruction, the current pain score present is recorded and documented using the NRS and the eEgg. The same procedure takes place at the end of the 24h observation interval when the eEgg is returned. Within the 24h interval, pain assessment is performed hourly using the NRS (during the day) and the eEgg (preferably at hourly intervals throughout the day). If necessary, additional measurements can be taken with the eEgg. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Comparison of the expressions of pain ratings in eEgg-Arm and in NRS-Arm | For the analysis of pain ratings using eEgg versus NRS (numerical rating scale, values 0-10 [0=no pain - 10=the most severe pain imaginable]), functional data analysis methods are used to account for the longitudinal structure of the data. In a first step, the pain rating measurements are transformed into continuous smooth curves based on B-spline basis functions. Then, a functional principal component analysis based on the fitted curves is performed to analyze the temporal variation. Suitable statistical measures (median/mean, quartiles/standard deviation, etc.) are used to describe the primary target variable. If necessary, a suitable statistical test follows, such as the Mann-Whitney U test for the group comparison. | immediately after blockade for 24 hours |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Comparison of the expressions of the pain ratings within eEgg-Arm | For the analysis of pain ratings using eEgg versus NRS (numerical rating scale, values 0-10 [0=no pain - 10=the most severe pain imaginable]), functional data analysis methods are used to account for the longitudinal structure of the data. In a first step, the pain rating measurements are transformed into continuous smooth curves based on B-spline basis functions. Then, a functional principal component analysis based on the fitted curves is performed to analyze the temporal variation. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Thomas Cegla, Dr. | Helios University Hospital Wuppertal | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Helios Universitätsklinikum Wuppertal | Wuppertal | 42283 | Germany |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D059350 | Chronic Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010146 | Pain |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| NRS | Other | Patients record their pain on the numeric rating scale (NRS) within the 24-hour interval. An interval from 0 to 10 is given (0 = no pain, 10 = most pain imaginable). |
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| immediately after blockade for 24 hours |
| Comparison of pain rating by NRS from eEgg-Arm with pain rating by NRS from NRS-Arm | NRS: numerical rating scale, values 0-10 [0=no pain - 10=the most severe pain imaginable] The secondary outcome measures are evaluated using appropriate statistical measures of location (median/mean, quartiles/standard deviation, frequencies/percentages, etc.). If necessary, appropriate statistical significance tests are performed to compare measurements between the two randomization groups (e.g. for continuous data Mann-Whitney U test, e.g. for categorical data Fisher's exact test or Chi² test) or within the groups (e.g. for continuous data sign test, e.g. for categorical data McNemar test). | immediately after blockade for 24 hours |
| Number of measurements with the eEgg during the night | The secondary outcome measures are evaluated using appropriate statistical measures of location (median/mean, quartiles/standard deviation, frequencies/percentages, etc.). If necessary, appropriate statistical significance tests are performed to compare measurements between the two randomization groups (e.g. for continuous data Mann-Whitney U test, e.g. for categorical data Fisher's exact test or Chi² test) or within the groups (e.g. for continuous data sign test, e.g. for categorical data McNemar test). | immediately after blockade for 24 hours |
| Comparison of the standardization values in the eEgg group at the beginning of the study | The secondary outcome measures are evaluated using appropriate statistical measures of location (median/mean, quartiles/standard deviation, frequencies/percentages, etc.). If necessary, appropriate statistical significance tests are performed to compare measurements between the two randomization groups (e.g. for continuous data Mann-Whitney U test, e.g. for categorical data Fisher's exact test or Chi² test) or within the groups (e.g. for continuous data sign test, e.g. for categorical data McNemar test). | before the blockade |
| Comparison of the standardization values in the eEgg group at the end of the study | The secondary outcome measures are evaluated using appropriate statistical measures of location (median/mean, quartiles/standard deviation, frequencies/percentages, etc.). If necessary, appropriate statistical significance tests are performed to compare measurements between the two randomization groups (e.g. for continuous data Mann-Whitney U test, e.g. for categorical data Fisher's exact test or Chi² test) or within the groups (e.g. for continuous data sign test, e.g. for categorical data McNemar test). | 24 hours after the blockade |
| Difference in pain sensation (NRS) due to the different local anesthetics | NRS: numerical rating scale, values 0-10 [0=no pain - 10=the most severe pain imaginable] The secondary outcome measures are evaluated using appropriate statistical measures of location (median/mean, quartiles/standard deviation, frequencies/percentages, etc.). If necessary, appropriate statistical significance tests are performed to compare measurements between the two randomization groups (e.g. for continuous data Mann-Whitney U test, e.g. for categorical data Fisher's exact test or Chi² test) or within the groups (e.g. for continuous data sign test, e.g. for categorical data McNemar test). | immediately after blockade for 24 hours |
| Questionnaire evaluation on the handling of the eEgg | The secondary outcome measures are evaluated using appropriate statistical measures of location (median/mean, quartiles/standard deviation, frequencies/percentages, etc.). If necessary, appropriate statistical significance tests are performed to compare measurements between the two randomization groups (e.g. for continuous data Mann-Whitney U test, e.g. for categorical data Fisher's exact test or Chi² test) or within the groups (e.g. for continuous data sign test, e.g. for categorical data McNemar test). | 24 hours after the blockade |