Dexmedetomidine, Ketamine and Magnesium Sulphate in Caudal Block for Hypospadias Repair

Role of Adding Dexmedetomidine, Ketamine and Magnesium Sulphate to Caudal Block as Preemptive Analgesia in Hypospadias Repair in Pediatrics: a Randomized Double-blinded Trial

Caudal epidural block is a rapid, reliable, and safe technique that can be used with general anesthesia for intraoperative and postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients Ketamine is a selective antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, an ionotropic glutamate receptor.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Aged 1-7 years
• American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification I and II, undergoing hypospadias repair.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Developmental delay
• Psychological or neurological disorders
• Difficult airway
• Hyperactive airway disease or children in whom caudal block was contraindicated (e.g., infection at the site of block, bleeding disorder, or abnormalities of the sacrum).