The investigators aimed to develop a predictive model for mortality incorporating nutritional, inflammatory, and perioperative factors in patients undergoing valvular heart surgery. In this retrospective study, the investigators aimed to establish a comprehensive prediction model to predict the risk of 1-year mortality in valvular heart surgery patients through the identification of the inflammatory index most associated with 1-year mortality and developing a prognostic nomogram model incorporating perioperative risk factors with nutritional and inflammatory indices that would be verified by validation cohorts.

Inclusion Criteria:

1) patients who presented for surgery primarily due to valvular heart disease, including those who required concomitant coronary artery bypass surgery, aortic procedures, or other cardiac procedures.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. patients aged <18 years
2. undergoing transcatheter valve replacement, combined congenital heart surgery, or implantation of ventricular assist device, 3) lacking data required for calculating inflammatory indices, or 4) follow-up loss.

Tertiary care hospital