The Immune Response of Breast Cancer Patients Treated With Levobupivacaine Using Paravertebral or Superficial Chest Blocks
The Immune Response of Breast Cancer Patients Treated With Levobupivacaine Using Paravertebral or Superficial Chest Blocks
The use of regional anesthesia in breast surgery improves the postoperative outcome, reduces the development of infection, and weakens the perioperative immunosuppressive response associated with the response to surgical stress. The investigators hypothesize that the use of propofol / paravertebral anesthesia and analgesia will be accompanied by a decrease in serum proinflammatory cytokines and/or an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines compared to propofol / PECS 2 anesthesia and analgesia. The research will be on 100 respondents divided into two groups. 0.5% levobupivacaine will be administered to both groups. Serum concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and lymphocyte subpopulations 1h before, 24h, and 48h after surgery will be measured. The investigators aim to compare the effect of propofol / paravertebral and propofol / PECS 2 anesthesia and analgesia on serum perioperative values of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines to standardize protocols and apply the best method of perioperative analgesia in breast cancer surgery.
Introduction
The human immune system is extremely adaptable and complex. The immune response in the body is often a defense against tumors or infection and maintenance of homeostasis. It includes specific (acquired) and nonspecific (innate) immunity. The immune system is known to be shaped by a complex network of cytokines; interleukins (IL), interferons (IFN), tumor necrosis factor [Eng. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)] etc. Tumor cells respond differently to cytokines. Certain cytokines stimulate immune reactions and are called pro-inflammatory, while others inhibit the immune system response and are called anti-inflammatory. In previous studies, Il-1, Il-6, TNFα, and IL-10 are common indicators of inflammatory changes in cancer. IL-6 is a potent proinflammatory cytokine with multiple mechanisms of antitumor activity. TNFα stimulates the production of other proinflammatory factors and proteases. IL-10 inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Surgery and anesthesia change the activity of the immune system quickly and through various processes. Pain, fear, medications, inhalation anesthetics, opioids, tissue injury, blood transfusions, increased stress, and infection activate the immune system during the perioperative period by suppressing the adaptive immune response or enhancing the immune response.
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, second only to lung cancer in mortality. Breast cancer surgery is the primary and most effective treatment, with special emphasis on the minimal release of tumor cells into the vascular and lymphatic systems. Whether the release of tumor cells will result in clinical metastases depends primarily on the balance between antimetastatic immune activity and the ability of the tumor to metastasize to other tissues.
Regional anesthesia is a technique in which the application of a local anesthetic near a nerve or spinal cord inhibits the sensation, pain, and motor stimulation of one region of the body. Applied local anesthetics thus prevent the endocrine-metabolic response to stress. Many studies have shown that the use of neuraxial (spinal and epidural) and perineuroaxial paravertebral block (PVB) regional anesthesia in breast surgery [(propofol / paravertebral block anesthesia - analgesia)] improve postoperative outcome and reduce the development of perioperative immunosuppressive response associated with surgical stress.
A paravertebral block is applied to the wedge-shaped anatomical space located bilaterally paravertebral, between the parietal pleura anteriorly; vertebrae, and intervertebral discs medially; and the upper transverse rib ligament posteriorly. Pectoralis and serratus plane nerve blocks 1 and 2 (PECS 1 and 2) are newer regional anesthesia techniques in which a local anesthetic is administered between the pectoral muscle sheets. Recent research has shown that the use of PECS 2 in breast cancer surgery has the same perioperative analgesic effect as a paravertebral block, with fewer side effects. Although it has been proven that it is the blocks of these nerves that achieve satisfactory analgesia in breast surgery, their influence on the perioperative immune response has not yet been proven, nor has a comparison of the body's immune response to surgical stimulation with PECS 2 and PVB.
Participants
In the prospective, randomized, monocentric study, the investigators will perform a study on 100 participants, divided into two groups, or 50 participants per group. In Group 1 propofol / paravertebral anesthesia and analgesia will be used; in Group 2 the investigators will use propofol / PECS 2 anesthesia and analgesia. The investigators will include women scheduled for quadrantectomy with equilateral axillary lymphadenectomy, anesthesia preoperative status (American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)) 1 and 2, aged 18 to 65 years. Exclusive criteria are patient rejection, ASA> 3, contraindication for local anesthetic, contraindications for planned regional anesthesia and analgesia, immunosuppressive therapy including corticosteroids, acute infection, history of chronic opioid use, presence of autoimmune disease, obesity (defined as body mass index BMI greater than 29.9 kg/m2).
Research plan
The research will be conducted at the Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Intensive Medicine, the Surgery Department, and the Department of Physiology, Immunology, and Pathophysiology at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka. The devices that will be used are ultrasound (8 Hz ultrasonic linear probe), neurostimulator needle [22G (Stimuplex D®, B. Braun Melsungen AG)], neurostimulator (Stimuplex HNS 12, B. Braun, Melsungen AG, Germany), a bispectral index monitoring device (BIS A-2000 BIS monitor, Aspect Medical Systems, Newton, MA, USA), perfusor (B. Braun's Perfusor®), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry device (FACSCalibur, Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA, USA).
The randomization schedule will be implemented by a computer-free randomization service (Urbaniak, GC, & Plous, S. (2013) Research Randomizer (Version 4.0)). Retrieved May 20, 2021, from http: // www. randomizer.org. Standard preoperative preparation and supervision will be performed in the ward and the pre-and post-anesthesia units. The first blood sample will be taken to all participants 1 hour before surgery on arrival at the above unit. In Group 1 the investigators will apply PVB at the thoracic (Th) level of Th2, Th3, and Th4 at a dose of 0.3ml/kg 0.5% levobupivacaine total, divided into levels. In Group 2 the investigators will apply PECS 2 block with 10 ml of 0.5% levobupivacaine in the space between the large and small pectoral muscles, and 15 ml in the space between the small pectoralis muscle and the serratus anterior muscle. Both blocks will be performed with ultrasound-guided in-plane technique and neurostimulation, as described in the literature. In both groups for induction of general anesthesia, the investigators will use 1% propofol 2 - 2.5 mg/kg (10 mg/ml, Fresenius), sufentanil (Sufentanil® Altamedics) 0.2 μg / kg, rocuronium [Zemuron®, Schering - Plow] 0.8 mg/kg. The investigators will use a laryngeal mask (I - gel supraglottic airway) of appropriate sizes for airway maintenance. All subjects will be ventilated by controlled mechanical ventilation with a volume of 8 ml/kg, a frequency of about 12 breaths per min with a mixture of oxygen and air in a 40: 60% ratio. Maintenance of anesthesia and sedation in group 1 will be performed with continuous infusion of 1% propofol (10 mg/ml, Fresenius) (25 - 150 mcg/kg/min) and rocuronium [Zemuron®, Schering - Plow] 0.01 mg/kg/min via perfusor. After induction, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and BIS values will be recorded every five minutes for the duration of the operation. Continuous infusion of 1% propofol (10 mg/ml, Fresenius) will be adjusted according to the target values of BIS devices in the range of 45 to 55.
At the end of the operation, the investigators will wake up the participants from anesthesia. Postoperatively, participants will be monitored in a post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) room where vital parameters (ECG, non-invasive blood pressure measurement, and saturation) and visual analgesic scale (VAS) [from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain) according to Rawal will be notified. If pain with VAS> 3 is present, participants will receive diclofenac sodium (Voltaren®, Pliva) 75 mg i.v. in 100 ml of saline for 15min. If pain with VAS ≥ 6 is present, a combination of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren®, Pliva) 75 mg i.v. and tramal (Tramal® Stada) 100 mg in 500 ml saline will be obtained. In case of nausea and vomiting as assessed on a three-point scale (0 = no nausea and vomiting; 1 = nausea, no vomiting; 2 = vomiting with or without nausea) thietylperazine (Torecan®, Krka) will be administered in a dose of 0.1 mg/kg on a scale ≥1. If all vital parameters are satisfactory and there are no complications, the participants will be referred to the department after two hours postoperatively. There, non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring (pressure, ECG, heart rate, saturation) will be performed until the block resolution. During the first 24 hours, the recovery of patients will be monitored and VAS will be assessed every 3 hours. Appropriate analgesic measures (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or opioid analgesics) will be performed based on VAS values.
Venous blood samples will be collected 24 and 48 hours after surgery. All samples will be delivered to the laboratory on the same day where they will be processed and stored at -20 Cs until analysis. According to the manufacturer's instructions, serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines Il-1, Il-6, TNFα, and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 will be analyzed using an ELISA test. Subpopulations of T lymphocytes (helper and cytotoxic), B lymphocytes, NK, and NKT cells will be analyzed and determined from the samples by flow cytometry. Serum subpopulations of Treg (FITC-CD4, APC-CD25, and PE-Foxp3 positive) in serum will also be determined according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Statistics
The group size was obtained by power analysis. Using Fisher's exact test, according to the paper by Deegan CA, Murray D, Doran P, et al. Anesthetic technique and the cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase response to primary breast cancer surgery. Reg Anesth. Pain Med. 2010; 35: 490-5; the expected difference in the share of interleukin level increase of at least 25% (expected increase in group 1 of 30% and group 2 of 5%) is assumed. For a test power of 85%, a significance level of α = 0.05, and an equal number of subjects in groups, at least 45 subjects per group should be included in the study. Power analysis was performed using MedCalcStatistical Software version 19.0.3 (MedCalc Software, Ostend, Belgium; https://www.medcalc.org; 2019) and G * Power for Windows version 3.1.9.2.
IBM SPSS Statistics, version 21.0 (www.spss.com) will be used in the data analysis.
The data will be presented in tables and graphs. An analysis of the normality of data distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) will be made, and according to the obtained results, appropriate data display methods and parametric and/or non-parametric statistical methods will be applied. Quantitative data will be presented through ranges, arithmetic means, and standard deviations i.e., median and interquartile ranges in cases of nonparametric distribution. Category data will be presented through absolute frequencies and associated shares.
Differences between individual measurements will be analyzed by observing the variance for repeated measurements, i.e. the Friedman test. Differences in individual measurement times will be analyzed by the independent t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test. Differences in categorical values will be analyzed by Fisher's exact test. An appropriate regression model will assess the effect of selected clinical variables on differences between study groups. All P values less than 0.05 will be considered significant.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria: