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Scapular dyskinesis is defined as a visible alteration in scapular movement and position during rest or while performing dynamic motions causing a breakage in kinetic chain. Kinematic studies in subjects with scapular dysfunction showed decrease posterior tilt of scapula, increased scapular upward rotation and changes in glenohumeral to scapulothoracic ratios. Scapular dyskinesis can be categorized into 3 types according to standard classification. Type I is the posterior displacement of infero-medial angle due to excessive anterior tilt in sagittal plane, type II is the displacement of entire medial angle from posterior thorax caused by excessive internal rotation and dysrhythmic movement of scapula excessive elevation of superior border during scapular elevation is distinguished as type III . Almost 90% of office workers presenting with scapular and neck complains present with scapular dyskinesis . Shoulder dysfunction occur in up to 68% of individuals presenting with scapular dyskinesis
Specific treatment of scapular dyskinesis include moist heat packs, soft tissue mobilization, strength and flexibility exercises of scapular muscles along with postural re-education. Acknowledging the role of scapula in upper extremity functions, integration of scapular stabilization exercises is shown to be more efficient than strengthening and stretching exercises for enhancing shoulder proprioception, optimizing muscle strength and decreasing dyskinesis. Scapular stabilization exercises defined as exercises aimed at gaining stability and strength of scapular muscles and increasing neuromuscular control to maintain the proper position of the scapula.
These exercises increase fiber strength, mass, capillaries volume thus increasing the blood flow of muscle.
Mobility of Thoracic spine is an important factor to consider while treating scapular dyskinesis as reduced thoracic mobility can result in dramatic reduction of shoulder range of motion
. So a rehabilitation protocol based on the scapula dynamic stability to restore the position, direction and movement pattern of scapula by stabilizing and retraining the scapular muscles is a possible intervention strategy for improving recovery and preventing shoulder dysfunction. Numerous exercises had been proposed for rehabilitation of dyskinesis, but it lack consensus on which exercise is effective in each type of dyskinesia. As different types of scapular dyskinesia have different manifestations of muscle imbalance
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Scapular stabilization exercises with conventional therapy | Experimental | The patient will sit on the knees in 90° flexion position, and a Swiss ball will be placed between the chest and stomach. From the side, the earlobe, acromion of scapula, and pelvis should made a straight line. Four general exercises will be included with 2 sets of 15 repetitions, holding for 10 sec. |
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| Thoracic extension exercises with conventional therapy | Experimental | Thoracic extension exercises consist of three exercise types |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scapular stabilization exercises with conventional therapy | Other | The patient will sit on the knees in 90° flexion position, and a Swiss ball will be placed between the chest and stomach. From the side, the earlobe, acromion of scapula, and pelvis should made a straight line. Four general exercises will be included with 2 sets of 15 repetitions, holding for 10 sec |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| inclinometer | Used to measure the scapular posterior tilt (type I dyskinesis), external rotation (type II dyskinesis) and upward rotation (type III dyskinesis) at different humeral abduction and flexion angles. The starting position was the elbow extension and wrist neutral position in the standing pose. Inclinometer is brought into contact with the scapula spine and scapular movements were measured at different angles. | four weeks |
| vernier calliper | Used to evaluate the scapular index (indicator of position of scapula in static pose). The Scapular Index value is calculated using the following equation: Scapular Index = [(distance from the sternal notch to the coracoid process/distance from the posterolateral angle of the acromion to the third spinous process of the thoracic spine) × 100] | four weeks |
| goniometer | Universal goniometer for range of motion measurement of shoulder joint. | four weeks |
| Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Outcome Questionnaire | The Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Outcome Questionnaire evaluation tool consists of total of 30 items, scored on a five-point scale (no difficulty, slightly difficult, moderately difficult, very difficult, or not at all). | four weeks |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| maria Khalid, MSOMPT | Riphah International University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Railway General Hospital | Rawalpindi | Punjab Province | 46000 | Pakistan |
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| Thoracic extension exercises with conventional therapy | Other | Thoracic extension exercises consist of three exercise protocols |
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