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Maternal acute appendicitis during pregnancy is the most common abdominal surgical emergency. Long-term neurodevelopmental issues were scarcely reported. The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of appendicitis and appendectomy during pregnancy in general anesthesia on the cognitive and psychomotor development of children.
Maternal acute appendicitis (AA) is the most common emergent abdominal surgical condition during pregnancy. Brain development in a fetus is dynamic and complex, and therefore much more vulnerable to different agents. Gastrointestinal operations during pregnancy are performed in general anesthesia and anesthetic neurotoxicity in the developing brain, through the period from a fetus to a child, delivered inconsistent results.
Child development after AA or other intra-abdominal inflammatory/infective condition during pregnancy was not consistently reported or studied. In most reports, the length of fetal follow-up after appendectomy for AA during pregnancy is not defined, not stated, or declared as 'uneventful'.
Investigators will make a study with a structured children's cognitive and neurodevelopmental follow-up whose mothers had operated acute appendicitis during pregnancy.
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Impact of maternal sociodemographic characteristics and inflammation of the appendix and appendectomy during pregnancy under general anesthesia on the cognitive and psychomotor development of children | Analyzed data will include maternal sociodemographic characteristics- chronic diseases, psychiatric diseases, childhood disease, level of education, level of partner's education, working status, marital status, city or rural living, GPA (gravida, para, abortus) status, number of household persons | January 2006 to December 2020 |
| Impact of obstetric factors and inflammation of the appendix and appendectomy during pregnancy under general anesthesia on the cognitive and psychomotor development of children | Analyzed data will include obstetric factors- age at delivery, gestational week of delivery, delivery route, elective or emergent delivery, tocolysis, neonatal height, neonatal weight, APGAR score, complications during pregnancy, infections or pyrexias, congenital malformations) | January 2006 to December 2020 |
| Impact of clinical-laboratory parameters and inflammation of the appendix and appendectomy during pregnancy under general anesthesia on the cognitive and psychomotor development of children | Analyzed data will include clinical-laboratory parameters- differential blood count, C-reactive protein, platelets, axillary temperature, transabdominal ultrasound, Alvarado score, Tzanakis score) | January 2006 to December 2020 |
| Impact of surgical factors and inflammation of the appendix and appendectomy during pregnancy under general anesthesia on the cognitive and psychomotor development of children | Analyzed data will include surgical factors- open or laparoscopic appendectomy, type, and duration of antibiotic therapy, degree of appendiceal inflammation | January 2006 to December 2020 |
| Impact of anesthesiologic factors and inflammation of the appendix and appendectomy during pregnancy under general anesthesia on the cognitive and psychomotor development of children |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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All pregnant women operated for acute appendicitis at the University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia, January 2006- December 2020.
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University Hospital Center Zagreb | Zagreb | 10000 | Croatia |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 34898628 | Background | Yang J, Wen SW, Krewski D, Corsi DJ, Walker M, Mattison D, Moog R, McNair D, Huang H, Zhuang G. Association of treatments for acute appendicitis with pregnancy outcomes in the United States from 2000 to 2016: Results from a multi-level analysis. PLoS One. 2021 Dec 13;16(12):e0260991. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260991. eCollection 2021. | |
| 30477448 |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001064 | Appendicitis |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D059413 | Intraabdominal Infections |
| D007239 | Infections |
| D005759 | Gastroenteritis |
| D005767 | Gastrointestinal Diseases |
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Analyzed data will include anesthesiologic parameters- type and duration of anesthesia, anesthetics and analgesics used, maternal behavior and emotional status during pregnancy (presence and extent of stressful events, alcohol, medication, and/or drugs consumption, smoking, maternal nutrition and diet) |
| January 2006 to December 2020 |
| Impact of pediatric factors and inflammation of the appendix and appendectomy during pregnancy under general anesthesia on the cognitive and psychomotor development of children | Analyzed data will include pediatric parameters (child's growth and development, existence of congenital malformations, childhood diseases, medical conditions and procedures, need for surgical treatments, routine pediatric checkups, physical or speech therapy, referrals to specialists, early separations, exposure to highly stressful or traumatic events, and academic success for older children) A psychiatry resident will led the interviews using a structured questionnaire for mothers designed for this study during interviews. Based on the parents' observations and assessment and available medical data, the child's psychomotor and cognitive development and medical status will be analyzed during a clinical interview with the mother. | January 2006 to December 2020 |
| Yu CH, Weng SF, Ho CH, Chen YC, Chen JY, Chang YJ, Wang JJ, Wu MP, Chu CC. Pregnancy outcomes following nonobstetric surgery during gestation: a nationwide population-based case-control study in Taiwan. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018 Nov 26;18(1):460. doi: 10.1186/s12884-018-2079-4. |
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| 30840048 | Background | Al-Haddad BJS, Jacobsson B, Chabra S, Modzelewska D, Olson EM, Bernier R, Enquobahrie DA, Hagberg H, Ostling S, Rajagopal L, Adams Waldorf KM, Sengpiel V. Long-term Risk of Neuropsychiatric Disease After Exposure to Infection In Utero. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019 Jun 1;76(6):594-602. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0029. |
| 23913654 | Background | de Jonge L, Bos HJ, van Langen IM, de Jong-van den Berg LT, Bakker MK. Antibiotics prescribed before, during and after pregnancy in the Netherlands: a drug utilization study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2014 Jan;23(1):60-8. doi: 10.1002/pds.3492. Epub 2013 Aug 3. |
| 35580876 | Background | Sumilo D, Nirantharakumar K, Willis BH, Rudge GM, Martin J, Gokhale K, Thayakaran R, Adderley NJ, Chandan JS, Okoth K, Harris IM, Hewston R, Skrybant M, Deeks JJ, Brocklehurst P. Long term impact of prophylactic antibiotic use before incision versus after cord clamping on children born by caesarean section: longitudinal study of UK electronic health records. BMJ. 2022 May 17;377:e069704. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2021-069704. |
| 25532738 | Background | Lapin B, Piorkowski J, Ownby D, Freels S, Chavez N, Hernandez E, Wagner-Cassanova C, Pelzel D, Vergara C, Persky V. Relationship between prenatal antibiotic use and asthma in at-risk children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015 Mar;114(3):203-7. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2014.11.014. Epub 2014 Dec 19. |
| 34192823 | Background | Tomar N, Uldbjerg CS, Bech BH, Burgner DP, Pedersen LH, Miller JE. Prenatal antibiotic exposure and birth weight. Pediatr Obes. 2022 Feb;17(2):e12831. doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12831. Epub 2021 Jun 30. |
| 34313034 | Background | Cho HW, Cho GJ, Noh E, Hong JH, Kim M, Lee JK. Pregnancy Outcomes Following Laparoscopic and Open Surgery in Pelvis during Pregnancy: a Nationwide Population-based Study in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2021 Jul 26;36(29):e192. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e192. |
| 29909089 | Background | Shigemi D, Aso S, Matsui H, Fushimi K, Yasunaga H. Safety of Laparoscopic Surgery for Benign Diseases during Pregnancy: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2019 Mar-Apr;26(3):501-506. doi: 10.1016/j.jmig.2018.06.008. Epub 2018 Aug 2. |
| 33631746 | Background | Bleeser T, Van Der Veeken L, Devroe S, Vergote S, Emam D, van der Merwe J, Ghijsens E, Joyeux L, Basurto D, Van de Velde M, Deprest J, Rex S. Effects of Maternal Abdominal Surgery on Fetal Brain Development in the Rabbit Model. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2021;48(3):189-200. doi: 10.1159/000512489. Epub 2021 Feb 25. |
| 32556754 | Background | Augustin G, Boric M, Barcot O, Puljak L. Discordant outcomes of laparoscopic versus open appendectomy for suspected appendicitis during pregnancy in published meta-analyses: an overview of systematic reviews. Surg Endosc. 2020 Oct;34(10):4245-4256. doi: 10.1007/s00464-020-07674-6. Epub 2020 Jun 16. |
| 19390281 | Background | Tekin A, Evruke C, Deveci O. Maternal and fetal near-term sheep cytokine responses to carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2009 Apr;19(2):138-41. doi: 10.1097/SLE.0b013e31819756bf. |
| 12802645 | Background | de la Fuente SG, Pinheiro J, Gupta M, Eubanks WS, Reynolds JD. Early postnatal behavior deficits after maternal carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum during pregnancy. Surg Endosc. 2003 Nov;17(11):1823-5. doi: 10.1007/s00464-002-8871-1. Epub 2003 Jun 17. |
| 28586779 | Background | Andropoulos DB. Effect of Anesthesia on the Developing Brain: Infant and Fetus. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2018;43(1):1-11. doi: 10.1159/000475928. Epub 2017 Jun 7. |
| 33836853 | Background | Bleeser T, Van Der Veeken L, Fieuws S, Devroe S, Van de Velde M, Deprest J, Rex S. Effects of general anaesthesia during pregnancy on neurocognitive development of the fetus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2021 Jun;126(6):1128-1140. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.02.026. Epub 2021 Apr 6. |
| 27272582 | Background | Sun LS, Li G, Miller TL, Salorio C, Byrne MW, Bellinger DC, Ing C, Park R, Radcliffe J, Hays SR, DiMaggio CJ, Cooper TJ, Rauh V, Maxwell LG, Youn A, McGowan FX. Association Between a Single General Anesthesia Exposure Before Age 36 Months and Neurocognitive Outcomes in Later Childhood. JAMA. 2016 Jun 7;315(21):2312-20. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.6967. |
| 26507180 | Background | Davidson AJ, Disma N, de Graaff JC, Withington DE, Dorris L, Bell G, Stargatt R, Bellinger DC, Schuster T, Arnup SJ, Hardy P, Hunt RW, Takagi MJ, Giribaldi G, Hartmann PL, Salvo I, Morton NS, von Ungern Sternberg BS, Locatelli BG, Wilton N, Lynn A, Thomas JJ, Polaner D, Bagshaw O, Szmuk P, Absalom AR, Frawley G, Berde C, Ormond GD, Marmor J, McCann ME; GAS consortium. Neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age after general anaesthesia and awake-regional anaesthesia in infancy (GAS): an international multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016 Jan 16;387(10015):239-50. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00608-X. Epub 2015 Nov 4. |
| 12574416 | Background | Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Hartman RE, Izumi Y, Benshoff ND, Dikranian K, Zorumski CF, Olney JW, Wozniak DF. Early exposure to common anesthetic agents causes widespread neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain and persistent learning deficits. J Neurosci. 2003 Feb 1;23(3):876-82. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-03-00876.2003. |
| 32898216 | Background | Walkden GJ, Gill H, Davies NM, Peters AE, Wright I, Pickering AE. Early Childhood General Anesthesia and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Birth Cohort. Anesthesiology. 2020 Nov 1;133(5):1007-1020. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000003522. |
| D004066 |
| Digestive System Diseases |
| D002429 | Cecal Diseases |
| D007410 | Intestinal Diseases |