The goal of this observational study is to learn about the relationship between environmental structural racism and discrimination and chronic pain risk in Native American adults. The main questions it aims to answer are:

1. How does environmental structural racism and discrimination affect chronic pain-promoting mechanisms in Native Americans?
2. What psychosocial factors buffer the negative effects of environmental structural racism and discrimination on chronic pain-promoting mechanisms?

Native Americans experience higher rates of chronic pain than the general U.S. population, and previous research has shown that pain-free Native Americans transition to chronic pain at almost three times the rate of non-Hispanic Whites. Yet, little is known about the mechanisms that contribute to this pain disparity.

This study aims to better understand the role of environmental and society-wide stressors, like structural racism and discrimination, in contributing to this pain disparity. It is believed that these environmental and social stressors may contribute to chronic pain risk by increasing an individual's mental and physical stress levels. In turn, increased stress may alter how an individual responds to pain, both physically and emotionally, which may place them at greater risk for developing chronic pain in the future.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Self-identify as Native American/American Indian

Exclusion Criteria:

• <18 years of age
• Self-reported history of cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, musculoskeletal, or neurological disorders
• Surrent chronic pain, defined as persistent, bothersome pain on more days than not for at least 3 months)
• Self-reported current substance dependence
• Sse of medication that could interfere with testing (e.g., recent use of analgesics, antidepressants, or anti-anxiety medications)
• Inability to speak English
• Current psychosis (assessed by Psychosis Screening Questionnaire)
• Serious cognitive impairment (assessed by <20 score on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA])
• Possible peripheral neuropathy (assessed by nerve conduction study)

Participants will be adults who self-identify as Native American/American Indian.

Immediately following publication of all findings, the data will be freely available to any researcher who requests a copy. All data files will be de-identified so there is no possibility of connecting the information with the original participants. The electronic data will be stored as de-identified SPSS data files or Excel data files. The raw (i.e., unprocessed) physiology data (e.g., EMG, EKG, EEG) will also be made available to interested researchers. These raw data files will be stored as de-identified files. To obtain access to the data, interested parties can contact the PI (jamie-rhudy@utulsa.edu).

De-identified data will become available following publication of all findings (around 6/1/2030).

To obtain access to the data, interested parties can contact the PI (jamie-rhudy@utulsa.edu).