The goal of this pilot study is to assess whether 4-weeks of verified smoking abstinence following financial incentive treatment for smoking cessation improves physiological markers of chronic pain risk in adult Native American smokers.

The main aims to answer are:

1. Determine study feasibility.
2. Obtain effect sizes for changes in pain amplification and pain inhibition in abstinent vs non-abstinent Native Americans.
3. Obtain effect sizes for variables in the conceptual model of the Native American smoking-pain relationship.

Native Americans experience the highest rates of chronic pain of all U.S. racial/ethnic groups, and we have shown this disparity is partly explained by disrupted physiological pain regulation mechanisms, i.e., enhanced pain amplification and impaired pain inhibition. One unexplored variable that could disrupt these mechanisms in Native Americans is non-ceremonial tobacco smoking. Native Americans have the highest smoking rate in the U.S., and smoking is associated with disrupted pain regulation in non-Native American samples. Thus, there is a critical need to understand whether smoking contributes to NA pain risk.

There is high comorbidity between smoking and chronic pain, but it is also known that chronic pain patients who quit smoking have improved pain. This study aims to better understand the relationship between Native American smoking and chronic pain risk. It is believed that smoking increases chronic pain risk in pain-free Native Americans by increasing pain amplification and impairing pain inhibition, and smoking abstinence will reduce pain amplification and increase pain inhibition.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Self-identify as Native American/American Indian
• Currently daily smoker
• Own a smartphone with a data plan
• Ability to speak and read English

Exclusion Criteria:

• >18 years of age
• Currently pregnant
• Self-reported history of heart disease or heart attack
• Angina, arrhythmias, hypertension, heart disease
• Current chronic pain
• Pepper allergy
• Inability to speak English
• Current psychosis (assessed by Psychosis Screening Questionnaire)
• Serious cognitive impairment (assessed by <20 score on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA])

Data and metadata will reside with the PI, research team, and tribal partners and made available to others following review, by the PI and tribal IRBs, of the data request. Requests for data will be made available as soon as possible, but no later than time of an associated publication. Those investigators approved to use data will be instructed to submit any products for tribal IRB review and approval before they are submitted for publication or presentation. If the goals of the approved request are outside the aims of the parent project, the requesting investigators may be required to reconsent participants before they are allowed access to data.

De-identified data will become available following publication of all findings (around 6/1/2030)

To obtain access to the data, interested parties can contact the PI (jamie-rhudy@ouhsc.edu