This was a cross-sectional study. Patients who attended the osteoporosis clinic of Kowloon Hospital from June to December 2022 were recruited.

Grip strength and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index were measured with a Jamar dynamometer and a bioimpedance analyser. Since most patients in our clinic are of Chinese ethnicity, the diagnostic criteria in the Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia in 2019 was utilised. The diagnosis of sarcopenia was established by the presence of both low grip strength (Male: < 28 kg, Female < 18 kg) and low appendicular skeletal mass (Male: < 7.0 kg/m2, Female: < 5.7 kg/m2)

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients aged 60 years old or above
• Diagnosed with osteoporosis by: Fragility fracture or T-score ≤-2.5 SDs at any site on DXA scan and;
• Able to read and write Chinese

Exclusion Criteria:

• Unable to maintain standing posture for bioimpedance analysis
• Modified Functional Ambulation Classification (MFAC) ≤ IV
• Incompetent in giving consent
• Unable to follow instructions
• Implanted with metal in any of four limbs
• Implanted with pacemaker, implantable cardioverter defibrillator or any other types of electrical device

Patients who attended the osteoporosis clinic of Kowloon Hospital from June to December 2022.