Effect of Passive Smoking on Orofacial Dysfunction Among a Group of Egyptian Children: A Cohort Study

Effect of Passive Smoking on Orofacial Dysfunction Among a Group of Egyptian Children: A Cohort Study

This study aims to investigate the orofacial dysfunction in children who are subjected to passive smoking and to correlate its results to their saliva cotinine levels

The participants will be recruited from the pedodontics outpatient clinic in the, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Ahram Canadian University, Egypt. The aim and the steps of the study will be explained to the guardian.

After obtaining the informed consent, the investigator will fill an administrative questionnaire, which includes parents and child's personal data, medical and dental history, a question inquiring if one of the parents smokes in the house, the frequency of smoking, smoking type, and number of cigarettes (if present).

Then, the examination of orofacial dysfunction will be evaluated by the investigator, using Nordic Orofacial Test - screen (NOT-S)

Inclusion Criteria:

• Children who are free from any systematic disease, or genetic disorders that
• Children whose families accept to participate in this study.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Children whose parents quit smoking after the child was born.